Cheval du Morvan

The Cheval du Morvan,[lower-alpha 1] also known as the Morvandiau,[1] Morvandain[2]:206 or Morvandelle,[3]:514 is an extinct French horse breed from the Morvan massif in Burgundy, for which it is named.[4][5][6]:7 Horses were bred in the Morvan from before the French Revolution, both as saddle-horses for fox-hunting and as cavalry mounts, and for draught use. They were of small to medium height and known for their strength and tenacity. The Cheval du Morvan became extinct with the advent of industrialisation and improved transportation in the nineteenth century. As a draught horse it was replaced by the Nivernais and Comtois breeds, and as a saddle-horse by the Thoroughbred.

Cheval du Morvan
Conservation statusextinct
Other names
  • Morvandain
  • Morvandelle
  • Morvandiau
Country of originMorvan massif, Burgundy, France

History
The Morvan seen from Château-Chinon, the birthplace of the Morvan horse; until the 19th century, the horses lived in the surrounding forests

Before the French Revolution, large numbers of saddle-horses were raised in the Morvan, both for hunting and as cavalry mounts; the muddy roads in the area and in the surrounding provinces were only passable by horse.[1]:352 The Morvan breed was particularly suitable as light cavalry horse.[3]:514 It was raised mainly in the area round Château-Chinon,[3]:514 where Étienne François, duc de Choiseul, then minister for war, established a Morvan stud on his lands at Chassy.[6]:66

The Cheval du Morvan was raised mainly in its region of origin, but also in the Nivernais[7]:655 and Charolais.[6]:125 Good Morvan horses were bred at Clamecy,[8]:230 and Morvan foals were sold at the fairs of Châtillon-en-Bazois, Billy-Chevannes, Montigny-sur-Canne, Saint-Révérien, Decize and Nevers in the Nièvre.[1]:353

The horses were managed extensively, living in semi-feral groups in the woods of the Morvan. In summer they mixed freely with the cattle; in winter they received no supplementary feed, but survived as best they could.[3]:514 Unlike other horses in the region, Morvan horses were not crossbred with royal stallions housed in the Haras Nationaux stables.[6]:31-35

Many war horses during the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars were Morvan horses,[9] provoking a crisis in Morvan horse breeding farms[6]:8 and decimating the species. In 1791, the war minister ordered that mares be requisitioned for war. Morvan horses had a good reputation as war horses, according to Pierquin de Gembloux.[6]:64

Extinction

The Morvan horse fell victim to industrialisation and wartime horse requisitions, making it one of the local breeds that became extinct during the 19th century.[10][11][12]:120-121[6]:7

The Nivernais horse was bred by crossing Percheron stallions with Morvan mares.

The Cheval du Morvan is well documented in nineteenth-century sources.[6]:68-72

The rise of the draught horse in the first half of the 19th century is thought to have contributed to the extinction of the Morvan horse.[6]:125 René Musset argued that the saddle horse was largely replaced by the draught horse,[6]:125 but Bernadette Lizet suggested that Morvan horse breeding died off due to disinterest.[6]:141 Eugène Gayot cited the Morvan horse's use in wartime, the agricultural revolution, the construction of new roads, the opening of the Canal du Nivernais and the increased use of pastures for raising livestock as factors in the Morvan horse's extinction.[12]:655[13] Marcel Mavré suggested that the various wars of the 19th century were to blame,[14] while Bernadette Lizet cited other modernist factors, including the construction of railways.[6]:73

By 1840, count Achille de Montendre noted that Morvan horses lived in only a few locations.[1]:352-353 By 1861, according to Eugène Gayot, Morvan horses had died out completely.[12]:655

Description
A Breton saddle-horse cob, morphologically close to a Morvan horse.

According to Bernadette Lizet, most descriptions of Morvan horses were written after they had become extinct and were likely exaggerated.[6]:68-72

Morvan horses likely had a roan or iron grey coat.[6]:97 They were known for their rustic character, courage and energy, making them well-suited to hard labour and long journeys.[15]:1011, 1024[16]:287[7][6]:19 They were said to be the most solid and vigorous breed at passing through mires and bogs.[1]:352-353 Their gait was rapid and sure-footed;[2]:206 Paul Diffloth suggested that they were capable of trotting at 12 km/h on poorly constructed roads.[14]

Morvan horses were typically unsuited to work before the age of seven,[17] but compensated with a long working life.[13]:824 Sources do not agree as to their character; some refer to their docility, while others speak of their disagreeable nature.[18]

Morphology

Morvan horses were stocky like a Breton cob, but with more elegance.[5]:271 They likely appeared similar to a modern pony.[6]:60 Eugène Gayot noted that they were of medium height but fleshed out.[12]:120-121 André Sanson described them as small horses with knees of steel and a wild look.[19] Other sources referred to Morvan horses as small, light and hardy animals with disagreeable bodies.[13][20] Close to the ground,[2]:206 they had a generic head, strong and squarish in the front and with a flat chamfer, a small hairy mouth, short ears, gaunt flanks and a flattened rump.[21][22][23] Lorry, a revolutionary veterinary physician from the military cavalry at the end of the 18th century, spoke of them as strong and agile horses with powerful eyesight, a good set of teeth, solid feet and a large chest, similar to that of a military horse.[24]

Notes
  1. translatable as "horse of the Morvan".
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References
  1. Achille de Montendre (1840). Des institutions hippiques et de l'élève du cheval dans les principaux États de l'Europe: ouvrage composé d'après des documents officiels, des écrits publiés en Allemagne, en Angleterre et en France et des observations faites sur les lieux à différentes époques, volume 2 (in French). Paris: Bureau du Journal [des Haras].
  2. Guy de Charnacé (1862). De la production chevaline en France (in French). Revue Germanique 22: 198–220.
  3. Alexandre-Bernard Vallon (1863). Cours d'hippologie à l'usage de MM. les officiers de l'armée…, volume 2 (in French). Saumur: Javaud.
  4. René Musset, Henry Robien (1917). L'élevage du cheval en France: Précédé d'une bibliographie de l'élevage du cheval en France du XVIIe siècle à nos jours, suivi d'études sur l'élevage du cheval dans le Perche, le Boulonnais et la Basse-Normandie (in French). Paris: Librairie agricole de la maison rustique.
  5. Charles Casimir Beucher de Saint-Ange, Cours d'hippologie, volume 2, édition 2, Dumaine, 1854, p. 271
  6. Bernadette Lizet (1989). La bête noire: à la recherche du cheval parfait (in French). Paris: Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme. ISBN 9782735103171.
  7. Louis Moll et Eugène Nicolas Gayot (1861). La connaissance générale du cheval : études de zootechnie pratique, avec un atlas de 160 pages et de 103 figures (in French). Paris: Librairie de Firmin Didot.
  8. L'agenda ou Manuel des gens d'affaires, D. Langlois 1772 (read online), p. 130
  9. Adolphe de Bourgoing (1842). Des statistiques et des remontes (in French). Moniteur de la propriété et de l'agriculture VII (30 September 1842): 261–265; (31 October 1842): 297–300.
  10. Emmanuelle Dal'Secco, Les chevaux de trait, éditions Artémis 2006 (ISBN 9782844164599), p. 53
  11. Académie d'agriculture de France, Bulletin des Séances.
  12. Eugène Gayot, La France chevaline, volume 2, Paris, Imprimeurs-Unis 1849, p. 120-121
  13. Pierre Hubert Nysten, Émile Littré et Charles Philippe Robin, Dictionnaire de médecine, de chirurgie, de pharmacie, des sciences accessoires et de l'art vétérinaire: illustré de 500 figures intercalées dans le texte, Baillière 1855, 10th edition (read online), p. 824
  14. Marcel Mavré, Attelages et attelées: un siècle d'utilisation du cheval de trait, France Agricole Éditions 2004
  15. O. Delafond (1848). Progrès agricoles et amélioration du gros bétail dans la Nièvre (in French). Recueil de médecine vétérinaire pratique 5 (December 1848): 1005–1025.
  16. Jean-Henri Magne (1857). Hygiène vétérinaire appliquée étude de nos races d'animaux domestiques et des moyens de les améliorer, volume 1 (in French). Paris: Labé.
  17. Société d'anthropologie de Paris, Mémoires de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris, Masson 1895, p. 32
  18. Société du Berry, Paris, Société de Département de l'Indre à Paris, Compte rendu des travaux de la Société du Berry à Paris, vol. 8 1861 (read online), p. 45
  19. André Sanson, Économie du bétail: Applications de la zootechnie, vol. 3 de Économie du bétail, Librairie agricole de la maison rustique 1867 (read online), p. 121
  20. Journal d'agriculture pratique et de jardinage, vol. 5, À la librairie de la Maison rustique 1852 (read online), p. 510
  21. Collectif, L'intermédiaire des chercheurs et curieux, vol. 31, Benj. Duprat, Libraire de l'Institut, 1895 p. 24
  22. Archives départementales de l'Yonne et Henri Forestier, L'Yonne au XIXe siècle, vol. 1, Impr.
  23. Société bourguignonne de géographie et d'histoire et Armand Cornereau, Mémoires de la Société Bourguignonne de Géographie et d'Histoire, vol. 12, Dijon 1896, p. 480
  24. Lorry, cited by Lizet, page 64
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