Centralite

Centralite (empirical formula: C17H20N2O) is a gunshot residue also known as ethyl centralite. Its IUPAC name is 1,3-diethyl-1,3-diphenylurea. Ethyl centralite is insoluble in water, but is soluble in acetone, ethanol and benzene. It is mainly used as a burning rate moderator and stabilizer for smokeless powder, and also a plasticizer for celluloid.

Centralite[1]
Names
IUPAC name
1,3-Diethyl-1,3-diphenylurea
Other names
Ethyl centralite
N,N′-Diethylcarbanilide
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.001.496
UNII
Properties
C17H20N2O
Molar mass 268.360 g·mol−1
Appearance White to light grey crystalline powder
Density 0.8 g/cm3
Insoluble
Solubility in Acetone, ethanol and benzene Soluble
-134.05·10−6 cm3/mol
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

Naming

Synonyms

N,N'-diethyl-N,N'-diphenyl-; Carbanilide, N,N'-diethyl-; Centralite 1; 1,3-Diethyl-1,3-diphenylurea; Carbamite; Centralite; Centralite I; Ethyl centralite; N,N'-Diethyl-N,N'-diphenylurea; N,N'-Diethylcarbanilide; sym-Diethyldiphenylurea; 1,3-diethyldiphenylurea; Urea, N,N'-diethyl N,N'-diphenyl-; N,N'-diethyl-N,N'-diphenyl-urea; ethylcentralite; s-Diethyldiphenylurea; Bis(N-ethyl-N-phenyl)urea; Centralite-1; Centralite1; N,N-Diethylcarbanilide; Urea, 1,3-diethyl-1,3-diphenyl-; Usaf ek-1047; N,N'-Diethyl-N'-diphenyl-L-harnstoff; Diethyldiphenylharnstoff; 1,3-diethyl-1,3-diphenyl-urea; Centralit; Ethylcentralit; 1,3-Diethyl-1,3-diphenylharnstoff; ZENTRALIT; N,N'-Diphenyl-N,N'-diethylharnstoff; N,N'-Diphenyl-N,N'-diethylurea; N,N'-Diphenyl-N,N'-dimethylharnstoff; N,N'-Diphenyl-N,N'-dimethylurea; Diethyldiphenylurea.

The term "Centralite" was originally applied to dimethyldiphenylurea developed about 1906 at the German Central War Laboratory Zentralstelle für wissenschaftlich-technische Untersuchungen in Neubabelsberg as a deterrent coating for smokeless powder in military rifle cartridges. Thereafter, all hydrocarbon-substituted symmetrical diphenyl urea compounds used as smokeless powder deterrents (or moderants) were called centralites after the laboratory. The preferred ethyl centralite became known as Centralite No. 1 and the original methyl centralite was identified as Centralite No. 2. Butyl centralite was also used as a celluloid plasticizer.[2][3]

Its reaction history is considerably more complicated than that of diphenylurea. Ending up with nitrated anilines, the methyl analog centralite-2 or sym-dimethyldiphenylurea is also known and is used somewhat abroad. The centralite are considered to be somewhat less effective as stabilizers than 2-nitrodiphenylamine, but they are also quite good plasticizers. When found in propellants they are frequently used at higher fractions than the diphenylamines to take advantage of their plasticizing properties.

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References
  1. CID 6828 from PubChem
  2. Davis, Tenney L. (1943). The Chemistry of Powder & Explosives (Angriff Press [1992] ed.). John Wiley & Sons Inc. pp. 317–320. ISBN 0-913022-00-4.
  3. Davis, William C., Jr. (1981). Handloading. National Rifle Association of America. p. 130. ISBN 0-935998-34-9.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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