Central stoneroller

The central stoneroller (Campostoma anomalum) is a fish in the family Cyprinidae endemic to North America.

Central stoneroller

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Cypriniformes
Family: Cyprinidae
Subfamily: Leuciscinae
Genus: Campostoma
Species:
C. anomalum
Binomial name
Campostoma anomalum
Synonyms
  • Rutilus anomalous Rafinesque, 1820
  • Catostomus melanotus Rafinesque, 1820

Biology

Stonerollers have a rounded snout overhanging a crescent-shaped mouth, a hard ridge of cartilage on the lower lip, and irregular patches of dark colored scales on the sides of the body. Breeding males have orange colored fins with a black band on the dorsal fin and often on the anal fin; breeding tubercles (keratinized growths) also cover the head, back, and sides of the body.[3]

Distribution

The central stoneroller is widespread in freshwater streams throughout a large portion of the eastern, central, and midwestern United States. It is present in the Atlantic Ocean, Great Lakes, Mississippi River, and Hudson Bay basins in the US, from New York west to North Dakota and Wyoming and south to South Carolina and Texas. Isolated populations are also found in Canada and Mexico.[4] The central stoneroller is benthopelagic, inhabiting either the midwaters or bottom of freshwater streams and rivers. It requires some current and is most commonly found in riffles and pools of moderate to high gradient streams with a gravel substrate bottom. However, it is a very tolerant species and can be found in almost any stream system with adequate food, leading to it widespread distribution.[5]

Ecology

The central stoneroller is generally herbivorous, feeding primarily on algae scraped from rocks and logs with the cartilaginous ridge on its lower jaw. Young fish feed on rotifers, filamentous algae, and microcrustacea. It also feeds on detritus, diatoms, and occasionally aquatic insects. It is classified as a grazing minnow in its feeding behavior, and large schools of these fish often feed together. Central stonerollers may consume up to 27 percent of their body weight in benthic algae per day. One Kansas study found that algae contributed most (47 percent) to the diet of central stonerollers, followed by detritus (30 percent), animal matter (21 percent), and terrestrial vegetation (2 percent).[6] Some human-induced factors that reduce the abundance of the central stoneroller are altered flow regimens, habitat fragmentation, impacts to aquatic and riparian habitat associated with agricultural practices, and increased siltation and aquatic vegetation.

Life history

Central stonerollers reach maturity in one to four years. Breeding males begin building nests in late winter and continue throughout midsummer, creating large, bowl-shaped depressions in calmer waters by rolling stones along the bottom with their noses, giving them their common name. The males aggressively defend their nests against rival males. Spawning occurs in early spring and summer, varying by region, with those fish in warmer climates generally spawning earlier than those in colder climates. Females remain in deeper water outside the nesting site, entering only briefly to produce anywhere between 200 and 4800 eggs in a nest.[7] The male fertilizes the eggs, causing them to become adhesive and lodge in the gravel of the nest, preventing them from being carried away by the currents. The eggs are then abandoned by both parents and hatch within a few days.[8] The newly hatched fish school together to feed in the warmer and more protected backwaters and vegetated stream margins. This species is generally found in small, clear streams with gravel, rubble, or exposed bedrock. Often the most abundant species in small streams, schools may contain several hundred individuals. Central stonerollers also display some intolerance to heavy siltation or pollutants, which affect the quantity of available algae in pool and riffle habitats.[9]

Management

The central stoneroller is widely distributed, so is not being threatened to a large extent, nor is it listed on any federal or state conservation lists. The central stoneroller is listed as "least concern" on the IUCN Red list as of October 2018. [10]

gollark: Valuable feelings of smugness about others being unable to read a thing I assume.
gollark: Palaiologos is to continue bee consumption, as they say.
gollark: Actually, this was all according to my plan to indirectly fix ghidra bugs.
gollark: Muahahaha, repository forked.
gollark: The what?

References
  1. NatureServe (2016). "Campostoma anomalum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2017.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  2. Etnier, David A.; Starnes, W. (1993). The Fishes of Tennessee (PDF). Knoxville, Tennessee: The University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 0-87049-711-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-26. Retrieved 2013-05-30.
  3. "Kentucky Department of Fish & Wildlife Central Stoneroller (Female)". fw.ky.gov. Retrieved 2020-06-06.
  4. Cashner, R.C.; Matthews, W.J.; Marsh-Matthews, E.; Unmack, P.J.; Cashner, F.M. (2010). "Recognition and Redescription of Distinctive Stonerollers from the Southern Interior Highlands" (PDF). Copeia. 2010 (2): 300–311. doi:10.1643/CI-08-051. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 17, 2014.
  5. Burger, J.; Campbell, K.R.; Campbell, T.S.; Shulia, T.; Dixon, C.; Gochfield, M. (2005). "Use of central stonerollers (Cyprinidae:Campostoma anomalum) from Tennessee as a bioindicator of metal contamination". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 110 (1–3): 171–184. doi:10.1007/s10661-005-6689-8. PMID 16308785.
  6. Bisping, S.M.; Fischer, J.R.; Quist, M.C.; Schaffer, A.J. (2010). "Population Characteristics of Central Stonerollers in Iowa Streams" (PDF). The Prairie Naturalist. 42: 109–115. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 17, 2014.
  7. Baxter, G.T. 1955. A study of the fish population in Lodgepole Creek, Laramie County, Wyoming. J. Colo.-Wyo. Acad. Sci. IV (7):61.
  8. Reisinger, A.J.; Presuma, D.L.; Gido, K.B.; Dodds, W.K. (2011). "Direct and indirect effects of central stoneroller (Campostoma anomalum) on mesocosm recovery following a flood: Can macroconsumers affect denitrification?" (PDF). Journal of the North American Benthological Society. 30 (3): 840–852. doi:10.1899/10-169.1. hdl:2097/12217.
  9. Ratocinski, Chester F. (1980). "Hybridization and introgression between Campostoma oligolepis and Campostoma anomalum pullum (Cypriniformes) Cyprinidae". Copeia. 1980 (4): 584–594. doi:10.2307/1444433. JSTOR 1444433.
  10. "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2019-09-29.
  • Evans-White, M. A., W. K. Dodds, and M. R. Whiles.

2003. Ecosystem significance of crayfishes and stonerollers in a prairie stream: functional differences between co-occurring ominivores. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 22:423–441.

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