Artocarpus integer

Artocarpus integer, commonly known as chempedak or cempedak, is a species of tree in the family Moraceae in the same genus as breadfruit and jackfruit. It is native to southeast Asia. Cempedak is an important crop in Malaysia and is also popularly cultivated in southern Thailand and parts of Indonesia, and has the potential to be utilized in other areas.[1] Cempedak is currently limited in range to south-east Asia, with some trees in Australia and Hawaii.[2]

Artocarpus integer
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Rosales
Family:	Moraceae
Genus:	Artocarpus
Species:	A. integer
Binomial name
Artocarpus integer Merr.
Synonyms
Artocarpus champeden (Thunb.) Merr. Artocarpus polyphema Pers.

Description

Cempedak trees are large, evergreen trees. They can grow to a height of 20 m, although most reach only a dozen meters. The trees are monoecious, with male and female flowers growing on the same tree. There are many varieties, although few are named. The vigorously growing tree can bear heavy crops of fruit once or twice a year.

Fruit

The syncarp may be cylindrical to spherical in shape, and ranges from 10 to 15 cm across and 20 to 35 cm in length.[3] The thin and leathery skin is greenish, yellowish to brownish in color, and patterned with pentagons that are either raised protuberances or flat eye facets.

The fleshy, edible arils surround the large seeds in a thick layer. These arils are edible raw, or they can be prepared in a number of ways. Arils are yellowish-white to orange in color, sweet and fragrant, soft, slippery and slimy on the tongue and a bit fibrous. Ripe cempedak fruit has a pungent smell that has been described as harsh and penetrating like that of durian.[1] The taste of the fruit is similar to the related jackfruit and breadfruit with a hint of durian. The seeds, which are also edible, are flattened spheres or elongated, about 2–3 cm in length.

Cempedak is similar to jackfruit in many ways, however, cempedak are smaller than jackfruit, and the peduncle is thinner. The male inflorescence of cempedak is pale green to yellow compared to the dark green of jackfruit. The cempedak flesh is darker yellow and juicier when ripe.[2]

Cultivation

Conditions

Cempedak trees are normally planted in non-eroded and well-drained soils, although they can tolerate temporary flooding. Cempedak can be grown from sealevel to 1,200 metres (3,900 ft) altitude at temperatures between 13–47 °C (55–117 °F) and with annual rainfall of 1,250–2,500 millimetres (49–98 in).

Propagation

In Malaysia, cempedak is usually cultivated with other fruit trees in mixed orchard systems of small farmers and occasionally in large fruit plantations. The trees are normally propagated by bud-grafting to maintain desired genetic traits.[1] Plants are also propagated by seed, but the seeds spoil quickly after removal from the fruit, so they must be planted immediately after cleaning.[2]

Flowering and fruit

Trees begin to bear fruit at 3–6 years for trees planted by seed and at 2–4 years for clonal trees. Blossoms are common from February to April and then again in August to October in southern Malaysia, as opposed to in western Java, where Cempedak tend to flower in July and August. From flowering to ripening fruit takes about 2–4 months.[2]

Harvest

Timing of harvest is critical in assuring fruit quality. One of the most reliable ways to determine maturity of cempedak is to tap the fruit and listen for a dull hollow sound. Skin color can also be an indicator of maturity, as ripened skins turn from green to more yellow. The development of a characteristic odor similar to that of durian can also mark maturity of the fruit, in addition to the spines of the fruits skin becoming flattened. Fruit are harvested ideally before falling to avoid damage, loss of shelf life and premature ripening. The harvested fruit produces a latex exudate, and is left to drain in the field before being moved from the orchard. The fruit has a short shelf life of 2–3 days.[2]

Uses

Cempedak is sought after for its edible, pulpy flesh that is typically yellow/orange and rich in beta-carotene. Cempedak has a sweetly unique flavor akin to that of durian and mango.[1]

The fruit is normally consumed in the areas where it is cultivated and can be eaten fresh or cooked. The large fruit are often cut open and sliced into pieces for sale. The seeds can be fried, boiled or grilled, then peeled and eaten with salt. The taste of the seeds is similar to water chestnuts. The young fruit, like young jackfruit, can be used as a vegetable.[3] As a vegetable, the young fruit is peeled, sliced and boiled, then sometimes seasoned or added as an ingredient to other foods, such as curries.[2] In Borneo, the skin of the cempedak can be processed into food called mandai made by peeling the fruit until it looks white, then soaking it in brine to preserve and soften the texture. Mandai is usually consumed after frying.[3]

The wood is of good quality, strong and durable, and used as building material for home furnishings or boats. The fibrous bark can be used to make ropes. Yellow dye can also be produced from the wood.[3]

Gallery

• 
  Mature fruit on tree
• 
  Whole fruit
• 
  Fruit cut open
• 
  For sale in Chinese market
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  For sale on roadside in East Kalimantan, Indonesia
• 
  Cempedak fruit stall

See also

• Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia
• List of fruits

References

1. Wang, M.M.; Gardner, E.M.; Chung, R.C.; Chew, M.Y.; Milan, A.R.; Pereira, J. T.; Zerega, N.J. (2018). "Origin and diversity of an underutilized fruit tree crop, cempedak (Artocarpus integer, Moraceae)". American Journal of Botany. 105 (5): 898–914. doi:10.1002/ajb2.1094. PMID 29874392.
2. Paul, Robert; Duarte, Odio (2011). Tropical fruits (2nd ed.). CABI. ISBN 978-1845937898.
3. Jansen, P.C.M. 1997. Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr. dalam Verheij, E.W.M. dan R.E. Coronel (eds.). Sumber Daya Nabati Asia Tenggara 2: Buah-buahan yang dapat dimakan. PROSEA – Gramedia. Jakarta. ISBN 978-979-511-672-1.

External links

• Fruits of the Future: Chempedak, David K. Chandlee
• Fruits Technology of cempedak