Cellulose acetate phthalate

Cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), also known as cellacefate (INN) and cellulosi acetas phthalas, is a commonly used polymer phthalate in the formulation of pharmaceuticals, such as the enteric coating of tablets or capsules and for controlled release formulations. It is a cellulose polymer where about half of the hydroxyls are esterified with acetyls, a quarter are esterified with one or two carboxyls of a phthalic acid, and the remainder are unchanged.[1] It is a hygroscopic white to off-white free-flowing powder, granules, or flakes. It is tasteless and odorless, though may have a weak odor of acetic acid. Its main use in pharmaceutics is with enteric formulations. It can be used together with other coating agents, e.g. ethyl cellulose. Cellulose acetate phthalate is commonly plasticized with diethyl phthalate, a hydrophobic compound, or triethyl citrate, a hydrophilic compound; other compatible plasticizers are various phthalates, triacetin, dibutyl tartrate, glycerol, propylene glycol, tripropionin, triacetin citrate, acetylated monoglycerides, etc.

Cellulose acetate phthalate
Names
Systematic IUPAC name
Cellulose, acetate, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylate
Other names
CAP
Cellacefate
Cellulosi acetas phthalas
Identifiers
ECHA InfoCard 100.130.710
UNII
Properties
Variable
Molar mass Variable
Appearance White to off-white solid
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references

Synthesis

The most common way to prepare cellulose acetate phthalate consists of the reaction of a partially substituted cellulose acetate (CA) with phthalic anhydride in the presence of an organic solvent and a basic catalyst. The organic solvents widely used as reaction media for the phthaloylation of cellulose acetate are acetic acid, acetone, or pyridine. The basic catalysts employed are anhydrous sodium acetate when using acetic acid, amines when using acetone, and the organic solvent itself when using pyridine as reaction medium.

Malm et al., records the preparation of phthalic acid derivatives of ethyl-cellulose and cellulose acetate without the use of pyridine by substituting sodium acetate as catalyst and acetic acid as a reaction solvent.[2] Phthalyl content of the derivatives produced by this method is inversely dependent on the reaction temperature, although the rate of phthalyl introduction is faster at high temperatures. Phthalyl content also depends on proportions of acetic acid, as a reaction solvent

Applications

CAP has been used for several decades as a pharmaceutical excipient due to its solubility dependent on the pH of the aqueous media. Enteric coatings based on CAP are resistant to acidic gastric fluids, but easily soluble in mildly basic medium of the intestine. The pH sensitive solubility of CAP is mainly determined (as other properties of this mixed ester) by the degree of substitution (DS), namely the average number of substituent groups bound to an anhydroglucose unit (AGU), as well as by the molar ratio (acetyl and phthaloyl groups). These two structural characteristics of the polymer are dependent on the method employed for its synthesis.

Stability

The extinction coefficient of CAP changes during its forced degradation by heat, a fact that will have to be accounted for in pharmaceutical stability studies should it be manufactured as a microbicide active pharmaceutical ingredient.[3]

Research

The potential of CAP to inhibit infections by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)[4] and several herpes viruses in vitro have been investigated.

According to a 1944 study by Hodge, there was no histological change in rats fed CAP for a year.

gollark: Plus verifying the checksums and such.
gollark: I think all the updater thing would need to do is:on the non-CC side, just track what files changed since the last release, generate a checksum, and either generate an archive or a bunch of URLs for it.on the CC side, periodically check a manifest file, store its own version locally, check if a newer version is available on the server, and if so download the files which have changed.
gollark: Probably gitget.
gollark: I should look at how Opus does its updates, since Opus is generally considered good.
gollark: I see. Your standards for "not too hard" are probably different to mine.

References
  1. Enteric coating
  2. C.J. Malm, J.W. Mench, Brazelton Fulkerso, and G.D. Hiatt, Preparation of Phthalic Acid Esters of Cellulose, Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
  3. Mayhew JW, Gideon LT, Ericksen B, Hlavaty JJ, Yeh SM, Chavdarian CG, Strick N, Neurath AR (2009). "Development of a gel permeation chromatographic assay to achieve mass balance in cellulose acetate phthalate stability studies". J Pharm Biomed Anal. 49 (2): 240–6. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2008.10.039. PMC 2859192. PMID 19070984.
  4. Neurath AR. (2000). "Microbicide for prevention of sexually transmitted diseases using a pharmaceutical excipient". AIDS Patient Care STDs. 14 (4): 215–9. doi:10.1089/108729100317830. PMID 10806641.
  • Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 6(4), 607-6149 (2001)
  • Iranian Polymer Journal 14(12), 2005, 1058-1065
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