Celestine (mineral)

Celestine or celestite[5] is a mineral consisting of strontium sulfate (SrSO4). The mineral is named for its occasional delicate blue color. Celestine and the carbonate mineral strontianite are the principal sources of the element strontium, commonly used in fireworks and in various metal alloys.

"Celestite" redirects here. For Wolves in the Throne Room album, see Celestite (album).
Celestine
Clear grey-blue celestine crystal
General
CategorySulfate minerals
Formula
(repeating unit)		SrSO4 sometimes contains minor calcium and/or barium
Strunz classification7.AD.35
Crystal systemOrthorhombic
Crystal classDipyramidal (mmm)
H-M symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m)
Space groupPnma
Unit cella = 8.359 Å,
b = 5.352 Å,
c = 6.866 Å; Z = 4
Identification
ColorWhite, Pink, Pale green, Pale brown, Black, Pale blue, Reddish, Greyish; Colourless or lightly tinted in transmitted light
Crystal habitTabular to pyramidal crystals, also fibrous, lamellar, earthy, massive granular
CleavagePerfect on {001}, good on {210}, poor on {010}
FractureUneven
TenacityBrittle
Mohs scale hardness3 - 3.5
LusterVitreous, pearly on cleavages
Streakwhite
DiaphaneityTransparent to translucent
Specific gravity3.95 - 3.97
Optical propertiesBiaxial (+)
Refractive indexnα = 1.619 - 1.622 nβ = 1.622 - 1.624 nγ = 1.630 - 1.632
Birefringenceδ = 0.011
PleochroismWeak
2V angleMeasured: 50° to 51°
DispersionModerate r < v
Ultraviolet fluorescenceShort UV=yellow, white blue, long UV=yellow, white blue
References[1][2][3][4]

Etymology

Celestine derives its name from the Latin word caelestis meaning celestial,[6] which in turn is derived from the Latin word caelum meaning sky or heaven.[7]

Occurrence
Celestine from the Machow Mine, Poland.
Celestine mineral on display at Yale's Peabody Museum

Celestine occurs as crystals, and also in compact massive and fibrous forms. It is mostly found in sedimentary rocks, often associated with the minerals gypsum, anhydrite, and halite.

The mineral is found worldwide, usually in small quantities. Pale blue crystal specimens are found in Madagascar. White and orange variants also occurred at Yate, Bristol, UK, where it was extracted for commercial purposes until the mid-20thC.[8]

The skeletons of the protozoan Acantharea are made of celestine, unlike those of other radiolarians which are made of silica.

In carbonate marine sediments, burial dissolution is a recognised mechanism of celestine precipitation.[9] It is sometimes used as a gemstone.[10]

Geodes
Celestine geode section
Inside the Crystal Cave geode in Ohio

Celestine crystals are found in some geodes. The world's largest known geode, a celestine geode 35 feet (11 m) in diameter at its widest point, is located near the village of Put-in-Bay, Ohio, on South Bass Island in Lake Erie. The geode has been converted into a viewing cave, Crystal Cave, with the crystals which once composed the floor of the geode removed. The geode has celestine crystals as wide as 18 inches (46 cm) across, estimated to weigh up to 300 pounds (140 kg) each.

Celestine geodes are understood to form by replacement of alabaster nodules consisting of the calcium sulfates gypsum or anhydrite. Calcium sulfate is sparingly soluble, but strontium sulfate is mostly insoluble. Strontium-bearing solutions that come into contact with calcium sulfate nodules dissolve the calcium away, leaving a cavity. The strontium is immediately precipitated as celestine, with the crystals growing into the newly-formed cavity.[11][12][13]

gollark: At least the US's handling of it makes me feel better about the UK.
gollark: What, several months beforehand?
gollark: What if it was a SECRET biolab in Spain operated by the Illuminati?
gollark: Well, that's... worrying in the longish term, then.
gollark: That would imply that immunity wouldn't last very long in people who got it asymptomatically.

See also

References
  1. Mineralienatlas
  2. Handbook of Mineralogy
  3. Mindat.org
  4. Webmineral data
  5. Nickel, Ernie.; Nichols, Monte. Mineral Names, Redefinitions & Discreditations Passed by the CNMMN of the IMA Archived May 30, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Materials Data, 2004, p. 26. Celestine is the approved name for this mineral by the International Mineralogical Association Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names (CNMMN). Although celestite finds frequent usage in some mineralogical texts, the name has been discredited as a valid mineral name by this organization.
  6. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/celestine
  7. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/celestial
  8. http://www.yateheritage.co.uk/history-of-yate/beneath-our-feet.htm
  9. Baker, Paul A.; Bloomer, Sherman H. (1988). "The origin of celestite in deep-sea carbonate sediments". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 52 (2): 335–339. Bibcode:1988GeCoA..52..335B. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(88)90088-9.
  10. Tables of Gemstone Identification By Roger Dedeyne, Ivo Quintens p.174
  11. Anenburg, Michael; Bialik, Or; Vapnik, Yevgeny; Chapman, Hazel; Antler, Gilad; Katzir, Yaron; Bickle, Mike (2014). "The origin of celestine–quartz–calcite geodes associated with a basaltic dyke, Makhtesh Ramon, Israel". Geological Magazine. 151 (5): 798–815. Bibcode:2014GeoM..151..798A. doi:10.1017/S0016756813000800.
  12. Carlson, Ernest (1987). "Celestite replacements of evaporites in the Salina Group". Sedimentary Geology. 54 (1–2): 93–112. Bibcode:1987SedG...54...93C. doi:10.1016/0037-0738(87)90005-4.
  13. Kile, Daniel; Dayvault, Richard; Hood, William; Hatch, H. Steven (2015). "Celestine-Bearing Geodes from Wayne and Emery Counties, Southeastern Utah: Genesis and Mineralogy". Rocks & Minerals. 90 (4): 314–337. doi:10.1080/00357529.2015.1034489.
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