Carmen Jones
Carmen Jones is a 1943 Broadway musical with music by Georges Bizet (orchestrated for Broadway by Robert Russell Bennett) and lyrics and book by Oscar Hammerstein II which was performed at The Broadway Theatre. Conceptually, it is Bizet's opera Carmen updated to a World War II-era African-American setting. Bizet's opera was, in turn, based on the 1846 novella by Prosper Mérimée. The Broadway musical was produced by Billy Rose, using an all-black cast, and directed by Hassard Short. Robert Shaw prepared the choral portions of the show.[1]
| Carmen Jones | |
|---|---|
 1943 Original Cast Recording | |
| Music | Georges Bizet |
| Lyrics | Oscar Hammerstein II |
| Book | Oscar Hammerstein II |
| Basis | Carmen by Georges Bizet Carmen by Prosper Mérimée |
| Productions | 1943 Broadway 1945 Broadway 1946 Broadway 1954 Film version 1991 Old Vic 2007 Royal Festival Hall 2018 Off-Broadway |
| Awards | Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical |
The original Broadway production starred Muriel Smith (alternating with Muriel Rahn) in the title role. The original Broadway cast members were nearly all new to the stage; Kennedy and Muir write that on the first day of rehearsal only one member had ever been on a stage before.[2]
The 1954 film was adapted by Hammerstein and Harry Kleiner. It was directed by Otto Preminger and starred Dorothy Dandridge and Harry Belafonte.[3]
The musical has also been revived in London, running for a season in 1991 at London's Old Vic and most recently in London's Royal Festival Hall in the Southbank Centre in 2007.[4]
In 2018, it was revived off-Broadway at the Classic Stage Company under the direction of John Doyle and Anika Noni Rose in the title role.[5]
Plot
Parachute maker Carmen Jones makes a play for a "fly boy" Air Force man, Joe, who is in love with sweet Cindy Lou and about to marry her on a day pass when Carmen gets into a fight with another woman.
Joe's pass is cancelled in order for him to drive her to the next town to be handed over to the non-military police. Instead, Carmen charms him and escapes, and he is put in the stockade for not delivering her to the authorities.
While Carmen waits for Joe to be released from military prison, she hangs around Billy Pastor's jive cafe where she encounters boxer Husky Miller, who is instantly besotted with Carmen, calling her "heatwave".
Carmen is initially uninterested. But her friends Frankie and Mert know that their invitation from Husky's manager to see him fight in Chicago depends on Carmen's being there, too.
Joe, having been released from the stockade, turns up at the cafe the same evening. At first, his prospects seem to be looking up, as his connections have put Joe back on track for aviator school. Carmen lays down a guilt trip, however, protesting that a long-distance relationship, with Joe 400 miles (640 km) away at school, just isn't what she had in mind. He immediately gets into a fight with his sergeant, who is making a move on Carmen, as well as laying down some heavy shade on Joe. Starting the fight alone would have been enough to put Joe back in military prison for years, but the fight goes badly, and the sergeant ends up apparently dead. Carmen makes Joe hide the body, since desertion sounds better than a lengthy sentence.
The train ticket to Chicago originally given to Carmen offers them a way of avoiding the MPs. After a few days hiding out in a seedy hotel with no money and no future with Joe, Carmen pays a visit to her two friends, now covered in diamonds and furs, at Husky's training camp. She is only looking for a loan, but they try to draw her to give up Joe and "go with the money" by staying with Husky.
Later, at Husky's apartment, Frankie reads Carmen's "cards", and reveals the Nine of Spades - the card of Death. In the belief that her days are numbered, Carmen gives in to Husky's advances, abandoning Joe for the luxurious life Husky can offer her.
Cindy Lou comes to look for Joe, but he is still in love with Carmen and spurns Cindy Lou. The night of Husky's title fight, Joe turns up to try to convince Carmen to come back to him, but when she rejects him, he kills her, thus making the card's prophecy a reality.
Music
Oscar Hammerstein II translated the libretto for Georges Bizet's opera Carmen from French into English for his Broadway production. Arts and Entertainment Editor Elisabeth Vincentelli further clarifies:
"The music was pretty much left intact, but Hammerstein transferred the action to WWII America. Carmen's tobacco factory became Carmen Jones' parachute factory, bullfighter Escamillo became boxer Husky Miller, and so on. As if this weren't enough, there also was the 'small' detail of casting the show only with African-Americans...many of the show's songs retain a surprising impact. The feverish intensity of 'Beat Out dat Rhythm on a Drum', for instance, hasn't dimmed over the years, and the song's been covered by a wide variety of performers, from Pearl Bailey and Marc Almond to Mandy Patinkin."
The majority of the actors performing the songs in the film Carmen Jones were dubbed. Even singer Harry Belafonte was dubbed (by LeVern Hutcherson), and Dorothy Dandridge was dubbed by Marilyn Horne (long before Horne became a well-known opera singer).[6]
Songs
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Awards and nominations
Original London production
| Year | Award | Category | Nominee | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1992 | Laurence Olivier Award | Best New Musical | Won | |
| Best Actor in a Musical | Damon Evans | Nominated | ||
| Best Actress in a Musical | Wilhelmenia Fernandez | Won | ||
| Sharon Benson | Nominated | |||
| Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical | Gregg Baker | Nominated | ||
| Karen Parks | Nominated | |||
See also
- African American musical theater
- Orson Welles' Macbeth, conceptual black casting theatre production, 1936.
References
- "Carmen Jones". Internet Broadway Database. The Broadway League. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
- Kennedy and Muir 1998, p.77.
- LoBianco, Lorraine. "Carmen Jones". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
- southbankcentre.co.uk/carmenjones, Carmen Jones at the Royal Festival Hall in London (25 July - 2 September 2007).
- Lortel Archives, Internet Off-Broadway Database_
- "About Marilyn Horne". THE MARILYN HORNE MUSEUM. Retrieved 2019-05-10.
Bibliography
- Kennedy, Michael Patrick; Muir, John (1998) [1997]. Musicals (Updated reprint ed.). HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-472067-9.