Calvagh O'Donnell

Calvagh O'Donnell (Irish: Calbhach Ó Domhnaill, born c. 1515, died 26 November 1566), eldest son of Manus O'Donnell, was an Irish King of Tyrconnell of the mid-16th century. He was king and chief of the O'Donnell dynasty based in Tyrconnell in western Ulster. He is best known for his conflict with Shane O'Neill - a dispute that involved the intervention of the English government in Ireland on Calvagh's side.

Life

In the course of a quarrel with his father and his half-brother Hugh, Calvagh sought aid in Scotland from the Campbells, who with access to Scottish royal artillery were able to assist him in deposing Manus and securing the now very divided lordship of Tyrconnell for himself. Hugh then appealed to Shane O'Neill, chief of the neighbouring O'Neill dynasty, to restore him at Calvagh's expense. Shane accordingly invaded Tyrconnell at the head of a large army in 1557, desiring to make himself supreme throughout Ulster, and encamped on the shore of Lough Swilly. Calvagh, acting apparently on the advice of his father, who was his prisoner and who remembered the successful night attack on Conn O'Neill, 1st Earl of Tyrone at Knockavoe in 1522, surprised the O'Neills in their camp at night and routed them with the loss of all their spoils.

Calvagh had at least two marriages, both reflecting his family's alliance with the Earls of Argyll. By 1555,[1] and perhaps as early as 1540,[2] Calvagh was married to a daughter of the 4th Earl of Argyll[3] whose name may have been Janet and who may have been the mother of his son, Conn.[4][5] By 30 May 1561 Calvagh was married to his last wife, Catherine Maclean, widow of the 4th Earl.[6]

Killydonnell Friary at the western shore of Lough Swilly where Calvagh and his wife were captured in 1561 by Shane O'Neill

Calvagh was then recognized by the English government as lord of Tyrconnell; but in 1561 he and his wife were kidnapped by Shane O'Neill in the Franciscan friary of Killydonnell. His wife had previously been the wife of the Earl of Argyll, was kept by Shane O'Neill as his mistress and bore him several children, sources differ as to the level of ill-treatment she endured by her captor; as she divorced Calvagh and married Shane immediately upon their release. Calvagh himself was subjected to atrocious torture during the three years that he remained O'Neill's prisoner, complete with being held in a metal cage at the front of O'Neill's castle in Dungannon, Tyrone. He was released in 1564 on conditions which he had no intention of fulfilling; and crossing to England he threw himself on the mercy of Queen Elizabeth.

In 1566 Sir Henry Sidney by the queen's orders marched to Tyrconnell and restored Calvagh to his rights. Calvagh, however, died in the same year, and as his son Conn was a prisoner in the hands of Shane O'Neill, his half-brother Hugh MacManus was inaugurated The O'Donnell in his place. Hugh, who in the family feud with Calvagh had allied himself with O'Neill, now turned round and combined with the English to crush the hereditary enemy of his family; and in 1567 he utterly routed Shane at the battle of Farsetmore near Letterkenny with the loss of 1300 men, compelling him to seek refuge with the MacDonnells of Antrim, by whom he was treacherously put to death.

Descendants

In 1592 Hugh abdicated in favour of his son Hugh Roe O'Donnell; but there was a member of the elder branch of the family who resented the passing of the chieftainship to the descendants of Manus O'Donnell's second marriage. This was Niall Garve, second son of Calvagh's son Conn. His elder brother was Hugh of Ramelton, whose son John, an officer in the Spanish army, was father of Hugh Baldearg O'Donnell (d. 1704), known in Spain as Count O'Donnell, who commanded an Irish regiment as brigadier in the Spanish service. This officer came to Ireland in 1690 and raised an army in Ulster for the service of James II in the Williamite war in Ireland, afterwards deserting to the side of William III, from whom he accepted a pension.

References

1. The earliest definite reference to Calvagh's marriage to a daughter of Argyll occurs in correspondence between the Scottish and English governments relating to the Master of Argyll's 1555 expedition to Tyrconnell. "Mercenaries and Paid Men: the Mercenary Identity in the Middle Ages", by John France, published 2008. Page 371. Excerpts accessed here 14 Dec. 2017.
2. Calvagh's marriage to Argyll's daughter may have occurred as early as the 1540s, when reports of an alliance between Calvagh's father, Manus, and Argyll were current in the English government. "The Dictionary of National Biography", ed. by Leslie Stephen & Sir Sidney Lee, published 1895, page 441. Accessed 14 Dec. 2017 here through Google Books.
3. Correspondence of the English government dated 8 March 1560 describes Calvagh's wife as sister to the Earl of Argyll. As the 5th Earl had succeeded his father in 1558, this definitely establishes her paternal pedigree, if not her name or that of her mother. "Calendar of the State Papers Relating to Ireland of the Reign(s) of Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary and Elizabeth", originally published in 1860, Vol. 1, page 159. Accessed 17 Dec. 2017 here through Google Books.
4. "Annala Rioghachta Eireann: Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland, by the Four Masters", ed. by John O'Donovan, originally published in 1856 by Hodges, Smith & Co., Appendix page 2384. Accessed through Google Books here 14 Dec. 2017.
5. "Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of Peerage, Baronetage, and Knightage", published 1885, Vol. 47, page 1012. Accessed here through Google Books 14 Dec. 2017.
6. Many popular accounts of this marriage confuse Calvagh's last wife with a Julian Maclean, supposedly a sister of the Catherine Maclean who was widow to the 4th Earl of Argyll. However, voluminous correspondence of the English government beginning in 1561 makes it clear that Calvagh had married the 4th Earl's widow herself, consistently describing her from that year as the Countess or former Countess of Argyll. "Calendar of the State Papers Relating to Ireland of the Reign(s) of Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary and Elizabeth", originally published 1860, Vol. 1, page 591. Accessed here through Google Books 17 Dec. 2107.

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "O'Donnell". Encyclopædia Britannica. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 6–8.