Caffeinated alcoholic drink

A caffeinated alcoholic drink is a drink that contains both alcohol (also known formally as ethanol) and caffeine. They often include the ingredients of energy drinks as well. In 2010 and 2011, this type of drink faced criticism for posing health risks to their drinkers. In some places there is a ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks.

Energy drinks are drinks that contain high doses of caffeine and an assortment of ingredients, such as,

  • Taurine- amino acids
  • Guarana- compound of stimulants- plant-based
  • Ginseng – herbs
  • B vitamins[1]

Health risks

In 2010, the FDA advised that caffeinated alcoholic beverages should not be consumed because of the counteracting effects of caffeine and alcohol. The FDA posited that caffeine often causes consumers to drink more than they normally would because caffeine can mask some of the sensory cues individuals might normally rely on to determine their level of intoxication. This masking of intoxication then leads individuals to engage in behaviours that they would otherwise avoid if they understood their true level of intoxication. [2] However, research has not fully supported this tenet. For example, one study found that Australian students thought they were more intoxicated when mixing caffeine with alcohol than when consuming alcohol on its own for every level of blood alcohol content. Consuming high levels of caffeine was associated with more alcohol-related consequences than when consuming alcohol on its own, even when consuming relatively little alcohol. It may be that caffeine causes individuals to focus on the stimulant effects of the intoxication, which have been associated with greater perceived intoxication than the depressant effects of alcohol. [3]

Research

Universities have conducted studies to compare the outcomes of the consumption of regular alcoholic drinks and of caffeinated alcoholic drinks. The University of Florida surveyed 802 college students who had mixed alcohol and caffeine, and found they were three times more likely to leave a bar highly intoxicated and four times more likely to want to drink and drive than drinkers who did not consume alcoholic energy drinks.[4] Another study surveyed 697 students from Wake Forest University and found that the students who had consumed caffeinated alcoholic drinks were more likely to drink and drive, take advantage of someone sexually, or end up needing medical treatment.[5] From this perspective, it is inferred that caffeinated alcoholic drinks cause one to act in ways that would be less likely if one were drinking non-caffeinated alcoholic drinks.

US reactions

The adverse effects of caffeinated alcoholic drinks have led to increased regulation. Under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, a substance intentionally added to food (such as caffeine in alcoholic drinks) is deemed "unsafe" and is unlawful unless its particular use has been approved by FDA (Food and Drug Administration) regulation. The substance is subject to a prior sanction until the substance is Generally Regarded As Safe (GRAS).[6] In order for a substance to be characterized as GRAS, there must be sufficient evidence to prove its safety; this evidence should be generally known and accepted by qualified professionals.[5] The FDA did not approve the use of caffeine in alcoholic drinks, and thus the drinks cannot be legally marketed. As a result, the FDA sent letters to four manufacturers of caffeinated alcoholic drinks (Phusion Projects, Charge Beverages Corporation, New Century Brewing Company, and United Brands Company, Inc.) to alert them that the agency would be considering whether caffeine can lawfully be added to alcoholic drinks.[5] These letters also gave the manufacturers fifteen days to stop the addition of caffeine to the alcoholic drinks or to stop selling the drinks altogether.

The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) also took action against the four companies, warning that their marketing tactics might violate federal law and urging them to take swift and appropriate steps to protect consumers.[7]

The day before the FDA sent out the warning letters, Phusion Projects, a five-year-old Chicago company, said it would stop putting caffeine in the drinks and put a non-caffeinated version of the drink on the market in December 2010. In a statement, the company's founders said that they still believed it was safe to blend caffeine and alcohol but wanted to cooperate with regulators.[7] The FDA continues work with Phusion Projects and other manufacturers to assure their products meet safety standards.[2]

International reactions

In Canada, regulations restrict the manufacture and sale of caffeinated alcoholic drinks unless the caffeine comes from a natural ingredient such as guarana; caffeine as an ingredient cannot be directly added to an alcoholic drink.[5] In Mexico, caffeinated alcoholic drinks cannot be sold in bars or nightclubs. In Australia, the Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy is considering regulation to address the growing concerns over the drinks. The government of New South Wales is looking to ban the sale of the drinks from clubs and bars.[5] In Scotland, the Scottish Labour Party called for a ban on caffeinated drinks, such as the fortified wine Buckfast.[5]

Cocktails
gollark: That seems strawmannish.
gollark: It makes sense under some ethical systems.
gollark: No, I value other people existing arbitrarily.
gollark: Okay, not one of the worst ones, that would be... `math.random()` or something.
gollark: True! But time spent is one of the worst ones.

See also

References
  1. Marczinski, Cecile; Fillmore, Mark; Bardgett, Mark; Howard, Meagan (2011). "Effect of energy drinks mixed with alcohol on behavioral control:risks for college students consuming trendy cocktails". Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 35 (7): 1282–92. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01464.x. PMC 3117195. PMID 21676002.
  2. Food and Drug Administration (2010). "FDA Warning Letters issued to four makers of caffeinated alcoholic beverages". United States. Department of Health and Human Services. Washington, DC. Archived from the original on 2011-02-26.
  3. Norberg, Newins, Crone, Lam, Henry, Mills, & Dennis (2019). Why are caffeinated alcoholic beverages especially risky? Addictive Behaviors, 98, 106062. doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106062
  4. "Dangerous Duo". State Legislatures. 37 (1): 10. 2011.
  5. "U.S. Students Mourn Alcohol and Caffeine Drink Four Loko." UK Wired. 13 Dec. 2010.
  6. "U.S. Food and Drug Administration: FDA to Look Into Safety of Caffeinated Alcoholic Beverages." Drug Week Newsletter 4 December 2009: page 1622.
  7. Goodnough, Abby. "F.D.A. Issues Warning Over Alcoholic Energy Drinks." The New York Times 18 November 2010, final ed.: A25.

Further reading
  • Leinwand, Donna. "Alcoholic Energy Drinks Targeted." USA Today 17 Nov. 2010, final ed.: A1.
  • Johnson, Jenna and Kevin Sieff. "Four Loko Ban Fuels Buying Binge." Washington Post 18 Nov. 2010, final ed.
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