Clamp (manga artists)

Clamp (クランプ, Kuranpu) is an all-female Japanese manga artist group that formed in the mid-1980s. It consists of leader Nanase Ohkawa (大川 七瀬, Ōkawa Nanase), and three artists whose roles shift for each series: Mokona (もこな, Mokona), Tsubaki Nekoi (猫井 椿, Nekoi Tsubaki), and Satsuki Igarashi (いがらし 寒月, Igarashi Satsuki). Almost 100 million Clamp tankōbon copies have been sold worldwide as of October 2007.[1]

Clamp

Clamp at the Anime Expo 2006. (from left to right) Satsuki Igarashi, Nanase Ohkawa, Mick Nekoi, Mokona Apapa.
Native name	クランプ
Type	Manga studio
Founded	1987
Headquarters	Japan
Key people	Current: Nanase Ohkawa Mokona Apapa Mick Nekoi Satsuki Igarashi Former: O-Kyon Sei Nanao Tamayo Akiyama Leeza Sei Sōshi Hishika Kazue Nakamori Shinya Ōmi
Website	www.clamp-net.com

Beginning as an eleven-member dōjinshi circle in the mid-1980s, they began creating original work in 1987. By the time they debuted with RG Veda in 1989, the group was reduced to seven members. In 1993, three more members left, leaving the four members who are currently still part of the group. In 2006, the members decided to change their names; Ohkawa later changed her name back from Ageha Ohkawa to Nanase Ohkawa, while the other three members retained their new names.

Etymology

The name "Clamp" comes from a misspelling of the word "clump", meaning: "A bunch of potatoes".[2][3] This is referenced in Duklyon: Clamp School Defenders, where a teacher is observed saying: "The name 'Clamp' incorporates the words 'hinge,' as well as 'potato mountain,' within its definition."[4]

History

Before their debut (1980s–1989)

Clamp originally began in the mid-1980s[5] as an eleven-member dōjinshi circle named Clamp Cluster. This included O-Kyon (お·きょん), Sei Nanao (七穂せい, Nanao Sei), Tamayo Akiyama (秋山 たまよ, Akiyama Tamayo), Leeza Sei (聖りいざ, Sei Riiza), and Sōshi Hishika (日鷺総司, Hishika Sōshi), Kazue Nakamori (中森かずえ, Nakamori Kazue), and Shinya Ōmi (大海神哉, Ōmi Shin'ya). Three of Clamp's artists—Mokona, Tsubaki Nekoi, and Satsuki Igarashi—first began drawing manga when they were teenagers, inspired by friends. The three artists were good friends in the same school. They met and befriended Nanase Ohkawa through one of her friends who had bought comics from Mokona. The original group of twelve members began to meet at every event held in Osaka and Kobe, which usually occurred once a month.[6] Before they began creating original work, the group produced dōjinshi of Captain Tsubasa, and yaoi dōjinshi of Saint Seiya.[1][7] However, in 1987 the group stopped dōjinshi and began creating original work; it was at this time they began working on RG Veda.[5] Their first collaborative work was entitled "Clamp", which they continued to work on until shortly after their debut.[6]

The group debuted as professional manga artists when they decided to print the manga RG Veda, which they had first started as a fan comic. After seeing the comic digest of the manga series that Clamp had published, an editor for Shinshokan's Wings manga magazine asked the group to work for them. They submitted an approximately sixty-page story as a sample, but the work was rejected. Ohkawa later lambasted the draft, stating that "everything was bad" and attributing the quality to the group's lack of experience, since they had never before completed a story as a cohesive group. The group was given another chance at publication should they submit a new story that Shinshokan liked; this time, they submitted RG Veda.[6]

During the time before their official debut, the group moved to Tokyo and rented a small, two-bedroom apartment. Ohkawa stated that she thought she was "gonna die there". Nekoi stated that "the only private space [they] had was under [their] desk."[6]

1990–1999

By the group's professional debut in 1989 with the manga RG Veda, serialized in Shinshokan's Wings magazine, its members had gone down to seven.[8] During the production of the manga RG Veda, O-Kyon had left the group. In June 1990, Sei Nanao officially left the group (last mentioned in Shōten 6),[6] Sōshi Hishika (日鷺総司, Hishika Sōshi), Kazue Nakamori (中森かずえ, Nakamori Kazue), and Shinya Omi (大海神哉, Ōmi Shin'ya) officially left in March 1993 (as mentioned in the Shōten 3). In October 1992, Tamayo Akiyama and Leeza Sei officially left the group.

RG Veda was originally planned to be a single story rather than a series, although because of good reader response and higher-than-expected sales for its first volume Shinshokan permitted the group to create more volumes,[6] however after each chapter of the manga was released, Shinshokan threatened that it would cease serialization should its popularity fall.

In July 1989, Genki Comics began serializing Clamp's second work, Man of Many Faces. It also began serializing Duklyon: Clamp School Defenders in August 1991, which became the work that the three artists Mokona, Nekoi, and Igarashi enjoyed working on most.[9] In March 1990, Wings began serializing Tokyo Babylon. In December 1990, Monthly Asuka ran Clamp School Detectives, and in May 1992, it began serializing X.

Clamp was serialized by many other magazines and publishers including Kobunsha publishing Shirahime-Syo: Snow Goddess Tales on June 10, 1992. In 1993, Clamp released two different manga: in March, Miyuki-chan in Wonderland, which began serializing in Newtype, and in November, Magic Knight Rayearth which was serialized in Nakayoshi. Nakayoshi also began to serialize Cardcaptor Sakura in May 1996; Ohkawa, Clamp's leader and storyboarder, particularly enjoyed working on Cardcaptor Sakura because unlike many of her previous works, it wasn't tragic.[9] Kadokawa Shoten published The One I Love on July 17, 1995. Wish first began serializing in Asuka Comics DX in October 1996. In December 1998, Suki: A Like Story began first serializing in Asuka Comics DX, and in January 1999, Angelic Layer first began serializing in Monthly Shōnen Ace.

2000–2009

In 2001, Young Magazine began serializing Clamp's Chobits which completed its run in 2002. Although their previous works are targeted at a female audience, Chobits marked the first time Clamp wrote for an older teen male audience.[10] Clamp began writing the two works that tell separate parts of the same overarching plot, xxxHolic serialized in Young Magazine beginning in 2003 followed by Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle serialized in the Weekly Shōnen Magazine beginning in the same year.[11] Tsubasa marked the first time Clamp had ever tried writing for a younger male audience, although their first work published in the Shōnen demography was Angelic Layer[12]

In 2004, Clamp's 15th anniversary as a manga artist group, the members changed their names from Nanase Ohkawa, Mokona Apapa, Mick Nekoi, and Satsuki Igarashi to Ageha Ohkawa, Mokona, Tsubaki Nekoi and Satsuki Igarashi (her name is pronounced the same, but written with different characters) respectively.[13] To celebrate Clamp's 15th anniversary, Tokyopop released a twelve-part magazine series entitled Clamp no Kiseki that contained a plethora of information for fans.[14] The August 2004 issue of Newtype USA, a magazine specializing in events of the anime and manga subcultures, reported that the members of Clamp simply wanted to try out new names. In a later interview with Ohkawa, it was revealed that initially Mokona wanted to drop her surname because it sounded too immature for her liking, while Nekoi disliked people mistakenly commenting on her as a Rolling Stones member. Ohkawa and Igarashi, wanting to go with the flow of Nekoi's and Mokona's name changes, changed their names as well.[13]

In 2006, Ohkawa made her first appearance overseas at the Taipei International Book Exhibition sponsored by Production I.G.[13] During an interview there, she announced that Clamp would be making its first United States public debut at Anime Expo in July in Anaheim, California co-sponsored by Anime Expo, Del Rey Manga, Funimation and Tokyopop.[15][16] They were well received at the convention as fans completely filled all 6,000 seats present in the auditorium of the focus panel in addition to more on the waiting list.[9] By 2006, Clamp had reportedly sold in excess of 90 million copies of their manga internationally.[17]

2010–onwards

While Tsubasa ended in October 2009, xxxHolic ended in early 2011. The authors were satisfied with the two manga ending commenting it was difficult to serialize the two interconnected manga at the same time due to Tsubasa's focus on action which required them to write sidestories for xxxHolic.[18] Clamp also collaborated in the anime Blood-C designing the characters and with Ohkawa writing the story.[19] Legal Drug restarted serialization in the same year in Kadokawa Shoten's Young Ace under the new title of Drug and Drop.[20] A new xxxHolic manga titled XXXHOLiC Rei also started serialization in Kodansha's Young Magazine in March 2013.[21][22] Cardcaptor Sakura: Clear Card began serialization in 2016 with an anime that aired from January to June 2018 on NHK.[23][24][25]

Business model

The members of Clamp all share a single workplace and as such do not need to arrange specific meetings.[6] Nanase Ohkawa acts as the group's spokesperson, producer-director, and storyboarder.[26] Mokona is the chief character designer, while Igarashi and Nekoi work for the background; however, the three often shuffle their roles.[13] Sometimes, they may split the work of the characters and backgrounds or have one person draw all the art depending on the story. The three artists try to stay as "close as possible" to Ohkawa's original designs. Ohkawa advises the artists on what colors to use.[6] Although Ohkawa chooses which projects they decide to decline or accept, Satsuki Igarashi decides on the actual time and order the group works on each project, creating the schedules for time allotted to each individual work.[27] They do not have any assistants, stating that assistants would slow them down because they would not understand the "years worth of jargon" they created among themselves.[6]

Once Ohkawa has conceived a story, the four members of the group gather "to discuss the purpose of the story and its main characters". After the group members become familiar with the story, Ohkawa drafts an outline for the story and determines the story's setting.[6] The ending for each story is predetermined.[9] Ohkawa designs many of the characters early in the story's development; frequently appearing guest characters are designed from the beginning whereas minor characters are designed early on.[6] As Ohkawa drafts the outline, the other three members formulate character designs by creating character profile sheets so as to avoid confusion.[6] After drawing a sample story and sketch for their editor and receiving approval, Ohkawa assigns the roles to each group member and then chooses the visual styles depending on factors such as the complexity of the story, the chosen art style, and its relationship to the group's other works.[6][13][26][27] Ohkawa provides a rough draft for each chapter detailing things such as dialogue, panel size, props, movement, and character's emotions.[6]

On average for each chapter that they produce (for Clamp, an average of 20 pages of artwork in a magazine), storyboarding takes twelve hours, the script takes eight hours to write, and the artwork depends on the story. For example, a chapter of xxxHolic takes two days, whereas a chapter of X took four to five days.[9]

Style

In general, Ohkawa gets her inspiration for the group from everyday events such as dreams or the news.[27] Unlike most manga artists who specialize in a single genre, Clamp has created a diverse body of work.[26] Clamp's genres vary widely, from childish and comedic (Cardcaptor Sakura, Clamp School Detectives) to more dramatic and teen-rated (xxxHolic, X) series. Furthermore, drawing from the idea of Osamu Tezuka's Star System as they did in Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle,[28] Clamp often crossover characters from their own series into their other works, which gives rise to a loosely defined "Clamp Universe".[29]

Art

The current members of Clamp took art-focused classes during their high school. However, Tsubaki Nekoi feels that, aside from basic art skills, drawing manga requires a different skill set; however, none of the group members has worked as an assistant for already established manga artists, and most of their ability is self-taught.[27] Clamp's manga is distinguished by its diverse visual styles.[26] Their work Clover for example, is remarkable for its heavy use of negative space.[30]

Themes

Clamp's works span a wide variety of themes. As opposed to keeping consistent themes across their works or having individual themes for each work, Nanase Ohkawa stated "we come up with a new theme for each story. One thing to say each time." Their works often deal with the theme of human fate that relates to Ohkawa's view on life; Ohkawa believes that "fate is something you choose", not a "mystical force manipulating your destiny", and that with determination and resolve, "you can change your fate".[31]

Also common is the idea of soulmates, or couples tied together by fate. Syaoran and Sakura (featured in both Cardcaptor Sakura and Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle) are among Clamp's signature couples that best fits this representation. As also seen in Magic Knight Rayearth, three girls are bound together by fate to save Cephiro. Fate is also the reason the three girls consider each other "sisters"; another idea that elaborates people being tied together (family cannot be chosen). Clamp also explores the idea of chaste or pure love (as in the manga Chobits).[32] Clamp's disregard for sex or gender (or at times biological age) in these couples has led them to write same-sex couples into many of their manga in contrast to many other manga artists (for example, Tōya and Yukito in Card Captor Sakura). A number of such couples have been shown together across parallel dimensions in the Clamp multiverse. Although Clamp often writes romantic works, Ohkawa has mentioned that she feels that it is more putting one's life on the line than love that causes women to grow or change.[27] Clamp never features love as a central theme; Ohkawa stated in an interview with Takeshi Oshiguchi in 1997 for Animerica that she is not "good at love stories" since her "idea of a relationship is different from that of a lot of other people".[31]

Perhaps drawing inspiration from Ohkawa's own poor right-eye vision, Clamp frequently features one-eyed characters or characters that lose their sight in one eye as means to express the feeling of loneliness (for example, Subaru and Seishirō in Tokyo Babylon and X and Fay in Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle). However, there is always something later on that comes to supplement the loss in vision.[27]

Works

Main article: List of Clamp works

From	To	English Translated Title	Publisher	Serialized in	Status	Volumes
1989	1996	RG Veda	Shinshokan	Wings	Complete	10
1990	1991	Man of Many Faces	Kadokawa Shoten	Newtype	Complete	2
1990	1993	Tokyo Babylon	Shinshokan	Wings	Complete	7
1992	1993	Clamp School Detectives	Kadokawa Shoten	Monthly Asuka	Complete	3
1992	1993	Duklyon: Clamp School Defenders	Kadokawa Shoten	Newtype 100% Comics	Complete	2
1992	1992	Shirahime-Syo: Snow Goddess Tales	Kadokawa Shoten	Monthly Asuka	Complete	1
1992	2003	X/1999	Kadokawa Shoten	Monthly Asuka	Halted	18
1992	1994	Legend of Chun Hyang	Hakusensha	Serie Mystery - Special	Cancelled	1 (3 chapters)
1993	1995	Magic Knight Rayearth	Kodansha	Nakayoshi	Complete	3
1993	1995	Miyuki-chan in Wonderland	Kadokawa Shoten	Newtype	Complete	1
1993	1995	The One I Love	Kadokawa Shoten	Young Rose Comics DX	Complete	1
1995	1996	Magic Knight Rayearth 2	Kodansha	Nakayoshi	Complete	3
1996	2000	Cardcaptor Sakura	Kodansha	Nakayoshi	Complete	12
1996	1998	Wish	Kadokawa Shoten	Monthly Asuka	Complete	4
1997	1999	Clover	Kodansha	Amie	Halted	4
1999	2001	Angelic Layer	Kadokawa Shoten	Monthly Shōnen Ace	Complete	5
1999	2000	Suki: A Like Story	Kadokawa Shoten	Monthly Asuka	Complete	3
2000	2003	Legal Drug	Kadokawa Shoten	Monthly Asuka	Complete[n 1]	3
2001	2002	Chobits	Kodansha	Young Magazine	Complete	8
2002	2002	Murikuri	Kodansha	Young Magazine	Complete	1 (one shot)
2003	2011	xxxHolic	Kodansha	Young Magazine, then Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine	Complete	19
2003	2009	Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle	Kodansha	Weekly Shōnen Magazine	Complete	28
2005	2011	Kobato	Shogakukan --> Kadokawa Shoten	Monthly Sunday Gene-X --> Newtype	Complete	6
2011	2013	Gate 7	Shueisha	Jump SQ	Halted	4 (23 chapters)
2011	2013	Drug & Drop[n 1]	Kadokawa Shoten	Young Ace	Halted	2 (17 chapters)
2013	2016	xxxHolic: Rei	Kodansha	Young Magazine	Halted	4 (56 chapters)
2014	2016	Tsubasa World Chronicle: Nirai Kanai-hen	Kodansha	Magazine Special	Complete	3 (19 chapters + extra)
2016	—	Cardcaptor Sakura: Clear Card	Kodansha	Nakayoshi	Ongoing	7 (41 chapters)

Reception and awards

Mystery has surrounded the members of Clamp as, in order to avoid being harassed by overzealous fans, they avoid making public appearances.[13] In polls conducted by marketing research firm Oricon, Clamp was elected ninth most popular manga artist from Japan in 2007, while they were eighth in 2008, sharing the spot with Fujiko F. Fujio.[33][34]

Gen Fukunaga, the president and CEO of Funimation, has praised Clamp as being "one of the most acclaimed groups of artists in Japan".[16] According to Charles Solomon, a journalist for The New York Times, Clamp "ranks among the most successful creators of manga ... in Japan and the United States". Dallas Middaugh, associate publisher of Del Rey Manga, stated that Clamp was an integral part of "manga explosion" that has been occurring in the United States over the past few years. He also praised the group's artwork and storytelling style as having "struck a strong chord with male and female manga readers".[26] The group was placed third after the winner for the Shogakukan Manga Award in the Children's category in 1999.[35] Their work Cardcaptor Sakura won the Seiun Award for best manga in 2001.[36] Almost 100 million Clamp tankōbon copies have been sold worldwide as of October 2007.[1] Various of their selling series include xxxHolic and Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle that have sold over eleven million and twenty million volumes, respectively.[37][38]

When asked about the universal popularity of Clamp's works, John Oppliger of AnimeNation stated that although it is "not based on originality [or] their artistic skill", they possess a distinct style that "perfectly mesh[es] the conventional attributes of shōnen and shōjo manga". He also pointed out that Clamp often "recycles" characters from their own earlier works, which gave rise to "a loosely defined 'Clamp Universe' that gives much of their work a unifying tone", and creates "absorbing, complex narratives that appeal to both male and female readers". All these factors result in "a cult following devoted to anything and everything the group publishes".[29] The Anime Encyclopedia authors stated that "whatever Clamp are on, we'd like some".[39]

Helen McCarthy in 500 Essential Anime Movies stated that Clamp's works "are among the most successful manga and anime with Western fans".[40]

Notes

1. Drug & Drop is the continuation of Legal Drug

References

1. Pink, Daniel H. (2007-10-22). "Japan, Ink: Inside the Manga Industrial Complex". Wired Magazine. Condé Nast Digital (15–11): 5. Retrieved 2009-04-18.
2. Thompson, Jason (October 9, 2007). Manga: The Complete Guide. Del Rey Books. pp. 509–510. ISBN 978-0-345-48590-8.
3. Yadao, Jason S. (October 1, 2009). The Rough Guide to Manga. Rough Guides. pp. 98–100. ISBN 978-1858285610.
4. Clamp (January 20, 2015). Duklyon: Clamp School Defenders. 1. Viz Media. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-4215-8202-3. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
5. Wu, Lisa "Skuld" (February 2003). "The Legend of CLAMP" (PDF). Miteiru!. MIT. II (3). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 2, 2009. Retrieved 2015-02-26.
6. Clamp (January 2005). Clampノ絵シゴト　NORTH SIDE [Clamp Art Works North Side Illustration Book]. English translation Yuki N. Johnson and Alexis Kirsch. Los Angeles: Tokyopop. ISBN 978-1-59182-902-7.
7. Kimbergt, Sébastien (2008). "Ces mangas qui utilisent le yaoi pour doper leurs ventes". In Brient, Hervé (ed.). Homosexualité et manga : le yaoi. Manga: 10000 images (in French). Editions H. pp. 113–115. ISBN 978-2-9531781-0-4.
8. "Profile:1987" (in Japanese). Clamp. Archived from the original on 2011-05-27. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
9. "Anime Expo 15 Cosplay 2006". John (Phoenix) Brown. January 11, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
10. Clamp (2005). Clamp no Kiseki Vol. 7. Translanted and adapted by Tokyopop. Los Angeles: Tokyopop. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-59532-611-9.
11. "Cardcaptor Sakura Sequel". Anime News Network. May 21, 2003. Retrieved April 19, 2009.
12. Clamp (2006). Tsubasa CHARACTer GuiDE. Translanted and adapted by William Flanagan. New York: Del Rey. pp. 126–132. ISBN 978-0-345-49484-9.
13. Chang, Chih-Chieh (March 2, 2006). "Interview with Ageha Ohkawa and Mitsuhisa Ishikawa". Anime News Network. Retrieved 2007-10-15.
14. Smith, Lesley (April 2005). "Happy Birthday, Clamp!". Animefringe. Retrieved 2009-04-18.
15. "Clamp scheduled for US appearance in July". Anime News Network. 2006-03-08. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
16. "Clamp to make first U.S. appearance". Anime News Network. April 10, 2006. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
17. "Clamp at Anime Expo". ICv2. 2006-11-04. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
18. "CLAMP ：「想像以上に大変でした」"×××HOLiC""ツバサ"異例の並行連載7年を振り返る" [CLAMP: "It was hard to imagine more "×××HOLiC" "Tsubasa" looking back on an unprecedented 7 year simultaneous serialization] (in Japanese). Mainichi Shimbun. March 5, 2011. Archived from the original on March 7, 2012. Retrieved March 9, 2011.
19. "CLAMP, I.G to Collaborate on Blood-C Original Anime". Anime News Network. March 24, 2011. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
20. "Clamp to Start New Lawful Drug Manga Series". Anime News Network. August 6, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2013.
21. "Clamp to launch xxxHolic Rei manga next February". Anime News Network. December 2, 2012. Retrieved December 5, 2012.
22. "xxxHolic: Rei manga delayed to early March". Anime News Network. Retrieved February 26, 2013.
23. Martinez, Phillip (26 April 2016). "'Cardcaptor Sakura' New Manga Series Is A Sequel And Launches In June". iDigitalTimes. Archived from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
24. "Cardcaptor Sakura Gets 'New Project' to Celebrate Manga's 20th Anniversary". Anime News Network. 2 February 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
25. "Cardcaptor Sakura: Clear Card Arc Manga Gets TV Anime Series in January 2018". Anime News Network. 26 November 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
26. Solomon, Charles (November 28, 2006). "Four Mothers of Manga Gain American Fans With Expertise in a Variety of Visual Styles". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-04-14.
27. Bertschy, Zac (2006-07-03). "Clamp Focus Panel and Press Conference". Anime News Network. Retrieved 2009-04-12.
28. Fujie, Kazuhisa; LABAAMEN (2008). Tsubasa Chronicle Factbook: Mystery, Magic & Mischief. DH Publishing. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-932897-26-5.
29. Oppliger, John (2007-10-24). "Ask John: What Makes Clamp Works So Special?". AnimeNation. Archived from the original on 2012-02-22. Retrieved 2007-10-26.
30. "Manga: Clover (Clamp) vol.1". Chibi Reviews. 2008-03-09. Archived from the original on 2012-02-22. Retrieved 2009-04-14.
31. Ledoux, Trish, ed. (2005). Anime Interviews: The First Five Years of Animerica, Anime & Manga Monthly (1992-97). San Francisco: Cadence Books. p. 177. ISBN 978-1-56931-220-9.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
32. LaMarre, Thomas (October 30, 2009). "Chapter 17". The Anime Machine: A Media Theory of Animation. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 221–233. ISBN 978-0-8166-5154-2.
33. "『NANA』の矢沢あいが好きなマンガ家No.1！". Oricon. 2006-03-30. Retrieved 2011-05-26.
34. "Oricon: Nana's Yazawa, DB's Toriyama are Most Popular". Anime News Network. 2008-03-04. Retrieved 2008-02-01.
35. "Shogakukan Manga Award". Joel Hahn. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
36. "List". 2007-09-05. Retrieved 2009-04-14.
37. Clamp (2010). xxxHolic #17. Kodansha. p. 1. ISBN 978-4-06-375906-8.
38. ツバサ ：ＣＬＡＭＰの2000万部マンガが「完結」 ６年の連載に幕 [Tsubasa: Clamp manga of 20 million copies completed] (in Japanese). Mainichi Shimbun. September 30, 2009. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved January 1, 2011.
39. Jonathan Clements, Helen McCarthy. The Anime Encyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917. Revised and Expanded Edition. — Berkeley, CA: Stone Bridge Press, 2006. — P. 635. — ISBN 978-1-933330-10-5
40. McCarthy, Helen. 500 Essential Anime Movies: The Ultimate Guide. — Harper Design, 2009. — P. 49. — 528 p. — ISBN 978-0061474507

External links

• Official website (in Japanese)
• Clamp at Anime News Network's encyclopedia
• Clamp on IMDb