Al Buraimi Governorate

Al Buraimi Governorate (Arabic: مُحَافَظَة ٱلْبُرَيْمِي‎, romanized: Muḥāfaẓat Al-Buraimī) is a governorate of Oman which was split from the Ad Dhahirah Region. Until October 2006, the area was part of Ad Dhahirah Region. At this time, the new governorate was created from the Wilayats (Provinces) of Al Buraymi and Mahdah. A third wilayat, As-Sunaynah, was created from parts of the two.

Al Buraimi Governorate

مُحَافَظَة ٱلْبُرَيْمِي
Border control with Al-Ain as of end of 2006
Al Buraimi Governorate
Location in Oman
Coordinates: 24°15′N 55°47′E
Country Oman
CapitalAl-Buraimi
Population
 (2017)
 • Total115,000

The town of Al-Buraimi is an oasis town in northwestern Oman, on the border of the United Arab Emirates. An adjacent city on the UAE's side of the border is Al Ain. Both settlements are part of the historical region of Tawam[1] or Al-Buraimi Oasis.[2] For many decades, there had been an open border between Al-Buraimi located in Oman and Al-Ain. Effective from 16 September 2006, this border has been relocated to an area around Hilli which is around 8 kilometres (5.0 miles) from the traditional open border. The traditional border near Al-Ain City is now closed to all except to those with valid visas (GCC nationals require no visa).

Geography
Jebel Hafeet, which the governorate shares with the UAE, as viewed from Mezyad Fort in the adjacent UAE city of Al-Ain

Apart from that both are in the area of the Western Hajar Mountains,[3][4] the surrounding landscape of Al-Buraimi differs from that of Al-Ain, consisting mainly of wide open gravel plains and sharp jutting rocks (The sohar gap found to the east of the Buraimi township is an example of this), Samr (Acacia spp.) and Ghaf (Prosopis cineraria) trees are fairly common on these gravel plains.

Al-Buraimi is considerably smaller than the adjoining city of Al-Ain and is visibly less affluent. Streets in Al-Buraimi are not named and development could be considered "piecemeal" with large villas often appearing some metres from the roads, and footpaths do not occur away from the main streets.

Climate

Al Buraimi has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification: BWh).

Climate data for Buraimi (1986-2009)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 23.6
(74.5)		 26.2
(79.2)		 30.3
(86.5)		 36.2
(97.2)		 41.5
(106.7)		 43.7
(110.7)		 43.9
(111.0)		 43.7
(110.7)		 41.0
(105.8)		 36.9
(98.4)		 31.0
(87.8)		 26.0
(78.8)		 35.3
(95.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 17.5
(63.5)		 19.9
(67.8)		 23.4
(74.1)		 28.4
(83.1)		 33.1
(91.6)		 35.5
(95.9)		 36.9
(98.4)		 36.9
(98.4)		 34.0
(93.2)		 29.7
(85.5)		 24.1
(75.4)		 19.7
(67.5)		 28.3
(82.9)
Average low °C (°F) 11.4
(52.5)		 13.6
(56.5)		 16.5
(61.7)		 20.6
(69.1)		 24.6
(76.3)		 27.3
(81.1)		 29.8
(85.6)		 30.1
(86.2)		 27.0
(80.6)		 22.4
(72.3)		 17.2
(63.0)		 13.4
(56.1)		 21.2
(70.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 20.4
(0.80)		 15.2
(0.60)		 15.7
(0.62)		 6.2
(0.24)		 4.1
(0.16)		 2.4
(0.09)		 11.7
(0.46)		 2.7
(0.11)		 2.0
(0.08)		 0.3
(0.01)		 0.0
(0.0)		 14.2
(0.56)		 94.9
(3.73)
Source: World Meteorological Organization (temperature and rainfall 1986–2009)[5]

Habitational system

Before the relocation of the border it was fairly common for expatriates from Al-Ain to rent villas and apartments as they were roughly 50% of the cost of an equivalent villa/apartment in Al-Ain. However, the change in border policy has led many of these expatriates to relocate to Al-Ain due to long waiting times at the border checkpoints during peak traffic hours.

Transportation

Transport in and around Al-Buraimi is by taxis, which like the majority of taxis in Oman are coloured orange and white. Drivers accept payment in both Omani Riyals and United Arab Emirate Dirhams, a trip within the township of Al-Buraimi will generally cost no more than 5 AED/0.5 OMR to 1.5 OMR. A trip to Mahdha may cost over 50 AED / 5 to 10 OMR.

Buraimi lies on a bus route from Dubai to Muscat.[6]

Culture
See also: List of mosques in Oman

Al-Buraimi, like the rest of Oman, features many historic forts in varying condition. The largest mosque in Al-Buraimi is the Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque, named after the Sultan, Qaboos bin Said al Said.[7][8] There are ruins of ancient hovels and a fort in Al-Buraimi.

History and prehistory
See also: List of oldest continuously inhabited cities

Being in the region of the Western Hajar,[3][4] the area of Al-Buraimi and Al-Ain, traditionally referred to as 'Tawam', is of historical and cultural importance.[9][10] It is demonstrated to have been inhabited as far back as the Hafit period of the early Bronze Age,[11] and according to one author, an oasis in this region and Al-Hasa in Saudi Arabia are the most important in the Arabian Peninsula.[12]

Al-Buraimi was part of Oman from early historical times. From around 600 CE, the Azdi tribes of Oman occupied the area. Then Al-Buraimi town was abandoned in the 700s. The area witnessed events relevant to the history of Islam during the Rashidun, Umayyad and Abbasid eras.[13] The area had come under the rule of the Wajihid Dynasty in the 9th century CE.[10] Al Nuaimi tribe, the original people of the town, rebuilt and ruled it in the 1800s to the 1950s. It had only two rulers, Sheikh Sulṭan bin Mohamed bin Ali Al-Hamood Al Qurtasi Al Naimi, then Sheikh Saqer bin Sulṭan bin Moḥammed Al Hamood Al Qurtasi Al Naimi. The late president of the United Arab Emirates, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, was known to have been brought from Abu Dhabi to Al-Ain by his mother, Shaikhah Salaamah, following the assassination of his father Sultan bin Zayed in 1927.[1][2][14] Zayed was raised in a fortified house in the Muwaiji district of Al-Ain. Since 1761, Abu Dhabi was ruled by sheikhs of Al Abu Falah dynasty.[15]

The Buraimi Dispute

The community of Al-Buraimi is probably best known as the result of an incident known as the "Buraimi Dispute", an episode that contributed to the claims of those who see Zayed as the most astute leader in the region during that time.[16] The Buraimi Dispute arose from Saudi Arabia's claim, first made in 1949, of sovereignty over a large part of Abu Dhabi territory where oil was suspected to be present and an area in a 20 miles (32 km) circle around the centre of the Buraimi Oasis. The Saudis relied on historical precedent (the oasis was under Wahhabi influence in the period between 1800-1870) for their claims, which were countered by arguments from Abu Dhabi and Muscat based on more recent events. The argument led to the 1950 'London Agreement' whereby all exploration and troop movements would take place in the area until the issue of sovereignty was resolved. Despite ongoing negotiations, the Saudis attempted to take back the oasis.[17] In 1952 a group of some 80 Saudi Arabian guards, 40 of whom were armed, led by the Saudi Emir of Ras Tanura, Turki Abdullah Al Otaishan, crossed Abu Dhabi territory and occupied Hamasa, one of three Omani villages in the oasis, claiming it as part of the eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The Sulṭan of Muscat and Imam of Oman gathered his forces to expel the Saudis but were persuaded by the British Government to exercise restraint pending attempts to settle the dispute by arbitration.[18]

A standstill agreement was implemented and, on 30 July 1954, it was agreed to refer the dispute to an international arbitration tribunal.[19] Meanwhile, Saudi Arabia embarked on a campaign of bribery to obtain declarations of tribal loyalty on which its case was based. In 1955 arbitration proceedings began in Geneva only to collapse when the British arbitrator, Sir Reader Bullard, withdrew. A few weeks later, the Saudi party was forcibly ejected from Hamasa by the Trucial Oman Levies. Together with a few refugee sheikhs and their families, the Saudis were taken to Sharjah and dispatched to Saudi Arabia by sea. The dispute continued to rumble on for many years to come until settled in 1974 by an agreement, known as the Treaty of Jeddah, between Sheikh Zayed (then President of the UAE) and King Faisal of Saudi Arabia.[18]

gollark: You could also probably use the file explorer thing as admin or adjust the permissions somehow?
gollark: My phone's (nonreplaceable) battery has degraded to the point that I'm seriously considering replacing it. But it seems that there are now basically no good options to replace it *with*. What joy.
gollark: Alternatively, the Moon.
gollark: Just scoop up all the sand from a big desert and dump it there. Nothing could go wrong.
gollark: I thought they'd said something about it being too dangerous. Wonder what changed.

See also

References
  1. Al-Hosani, Hamad Ali (2012). The Political Thought of Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan (PhD Thesis) (Thesis). Durham University. pp. 43–44. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  2. El Reyes, Dr. Abdulla, ed. (December 2014). Liwa Journal of the National Archives (PDF). United Arab Emirates: Emirati National Archives. pp. 35–37. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
  3. Janet L. Abu-Lughod (contributor) (2007). "Buraimi and Al-Ain". In Dumper, Michael R. T.; Stanley, Bruce E. (eds.). Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 99–100. ISBN 978-1-5760-7919-5.
  4. Allen, Calvin H., Jr. (5 February 2016). "1: Land and People". Oman: the Modernization of the Sultanate. Abingdon, New York: Routledge. pp. 1–8. ISBN 978-1-3172-9164-0.
  5. "Climatological Information - Buraimi". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
  6. Tesorero, Angel (29 January 2019). "Dubai-Muscat bus trip to be linked to 3 Metro stations". Khaleej Times. Dubai. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  7. "Oman Tourism: Exploring Buraim". The Muscat Daily. Muscat. 6 January 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
  8. Aymerich, Olga (6 January 2016). "Oman Tourism: Exploring Buraim". The Times of Oman. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
  9. Salama, Samir (30 December 2011). "Al Ain bears evidence of a culture's ability to adapt". Gulf News. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
  10. Leech, Nick (22 October 2015). "The long read: has a lost Arab capital been found on the Oman-UAE border?". The National. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
  11. Potts, Daniel T.; Nābūdah, Ḥasan Muḥammad; Hellyer, Peter (2003). Archaeology of the United Arab Emirates. London: Trident Press. pp. 174–177. ISBN 1-9007-2488-X. OCLC 54405078.
  12. Cavendish, Marshall (2007). "Geography and climate". World and Its Peoples. 1. Cavendish Square Publishing. pp. 8–19. ISBN 978-0-7614-7571-2.
  13. Abed, Ibrahim; Hellyer, Peter (2001). The United Arab Emirates, A New Perspective. London: Trident Press Ltd. pp. 60–86. ISBN 978-1-900724-47-0.
  14. Killgore, Andrew I. (March 2005). "Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan (1918–2004)". Washington Report on Middle East Affairs: 41. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
  15. Rulers of the United Arab Emirates
  16. "The Jebel Akhdar War Oman 1954-1959" by Major John B. Meagher (USMC) Global Security Report
  17. Donald., Hawley (1970). The Trucial States. London: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 0049530054. OCLC 152680. P 188
  18. Morton, Michael Quentin (2013). Buraimi: The Struggle for Power, Influence and Oil in Arabia. London: IB Tauris. p. 304. ISBN 978-1-84885-818-3.
  19. UN
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