Buckland, Gloucestershire

Buckland is a village and civil parish in the borough of Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire, England. The parish, which also includes the village of Laverton, had a population of 225 in 2010.[1] The village is close to the Worcestershire border and 1.2 miles (2 km) south of Broadway. East of the village is the Burhill Iron Age hillfort. To the south, and within Buckland Parish, is the hamlet of Laverton. Within the village itself is the medieval Church of St Michael, a seventeenth-century manor house, and what claims to be the oldest Rectory in England.

Buckland
The north wing of Buckland Manor, from the Churchyard.
Map of Buckland and Laverton
Buckland Location within Gloucestershire
Population	224 (including Laverton) 2010 estimate[1]
OS grid reference	SP081361
• London	83 mi (134 km)
Civil parish	Buckland
District	Tewkesbury
Shire county	Gloucestershire
Region	South West
Country	England
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Post town	Broadway
Postcode district	WR12
Police	Gloucestershire
Fire	Gloucestershire
Ambulance	South Western

Hill Fort

Burhill hillfort occupies a spur on the Cotswold escarpment, overlooking Buckland and the Severn/Avon valley.[2] Very little remains of any ramparts, except for a stretch on the eastern side, against the slope of the scarp, indicating an entranceway. The site was only identified as a hillfort in 1960.[3] An area of some 3 hectares (7.4 acres) may have been enclosed, but on most sides the natural scarp is now the only remaining defensive feature. The whole area has been extensively ploughed, and within the hillfort a scatter of early to mid iron-age pottery has turned up. An area outside the fort, east of the entrance, has produced much greater quantities of pottery dating to the earliest period of the Iron Age, with many fragments of various jars and bowls.[2]

The village

The name 'Buckland' originates from Anglo-Saxon 'Boc-land', meaning land assigned under a charter, as distinct from the 'Folc-land' which bases its ownership on folk-testimony.[4] The Charter in this case dates to 709AD, when Coenred of Mercia gave the land to St Peter's Abbey, Gloucester. The abbey had been founded 30 years before,[5] and in 709 Coenred made this gift to the Church, gave up being King of the Mercians and went on pilgrimage to Rome, where he died.[6] Buckland (which may be the manor described as Bibladene in the original charter[7]), having come into the possession of Gloucester Abbey, remained so until the reformation, in around 1546. When the Normans took over, Abbot Serlo was put in charge of Gloucester Abbey, and under his stewardship Buckland, along with many of the Abbey's lands, increased in prosperity.[8] By 1190 it had a church, although possibly this was at Laverton, within the parish, rather than in Buckland.[9] The present Church, St. Michael's, has fabric dating back to the 13th century, and its rectory dates in part to the 14th century.[10]

In 1086, the Domesday book records 22 villains, 6 borders and 8 serfs (slaves). By 1266 this had risen to 29 villains, and 14 borders, with no mention of serfs. The villagers were in the main paying an annual rent rather than working for the lord, and the value of the rents was some 7 times greater than in 1086 (and 20 times greater than in 1066).[7] In 1518 the site of the Manor was leased on a 31-year lease to James Appery, along with his wife, son and daughter. However the lease was relinquished to Henry VIII's commissioners, following the dissolution of Gloucester Abbey, and in 1546 the manor of Buckland was granted to Sir Richard Gresham in exchange for his lands in Yorkshire.[7]

In a survey of 1650, Buckland with Laverton is listed as having 51 families, 10th largest of the 28 settlements in Kiftsgate Hundred.[11] The manor house, now Buckland Manor Hotel, dates back to this period, the earliest parts of it dating to the 17th century,[12] which fits well with the time James Thynne was lord of the manor (see below). Apart from the Church and rectory, at least two other houses in the village date to this period, Honeysuckle Cottage and Woodbine Cottage, both grade II listed.[13] Outlying settlements within the parish also have ancient buildings. Laverton has 8 listed buildings, and there is a 17th-century farmhouses at Leasow House, near Laverton and one dating to 1720 in Little Buckland.[13]

Lords of the Manor

The Greshams

Sir Richard Gresham (1494–1549) was a successful merchant who in 1537 was elected Lord Mayor of London. He served as a commissioner under Henry VIII,[14] Three years after being granted the manor of Buckland, one of his many properties, he died, and the estates passed to his son Sir Thomas Gresham.[9] Thomas was even better than his father at accumulating wealth and land, serving as a financier and royal agent in turn to Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I.,[15] Although he was lord of the manor for 30 years, there is, however no evidence that he lived at Buckland, or even visited it. Amongst his many achievements, he founded the Royal Exchange. His only son died unmarried in 1566, so when Thomas died in 1579, his bequests included generous provision for his foundation, Gresham College, London's first institution of higher learning. The manor of Buckland, however, passed to the eldest son of his sister, Christian.

The Thynnes

Christian Gresham married Sir John Thynne in 1549, just before her father died. John Thynne was steward to the Duke of Somerset, and even before this advantageous marriage was gaining preferments and amassing a considerable fortune.[16] Christian died before 1566, leaving 9 children, and Sir John married again. He had by this time acquired a vast estate at Longleat and began the long task of building his mansion. His eldest son, also John, received his maternal inheritance, including Buckland, in 1579 on the death of Christian's father,[9] but within a year his own father died, and he was master of Longleat. His son Thomas inherited the Longleat and Gloucestershire estates when the younger Sir John died in 1604.[17]

Tangible evidence of the Thynnes at Buckland occurs over a hundred year's later. Thomas's third son, Henry Frederick, had three sons, the second of whom, James Thynne of Buckland, had become the lord of the manor, and appears to have been resident in the village. He is credited with renewing the wainscotting, pews and pulpit in the Church.[4] He died unmarried, aged 66, in 1709,[18] and a memorial in St Michael's Church records how he left his 'large personal estate to pious uses', and his lands to his nephew, Thomas Thynne.[4] Thomas, as third son of a third son, would have had few expectations of inheritance. However his uncle (the 1st Viscount Weymouth, James' elder brother) had inherited Longleat when another Thomas Thynne was assassinated in Pall Mall in 1682,[19] and when Henry, the heir, died without sons in 1708, Thomas, who erected the Buckland monument, had become heir to the entire Longleat estate. Tragically he died a year after James, in 1710, a month before his son was born, The baby Thomas became heir to Longleat, and became 2nd Viscount Weymouth, inheriting the Longleat estates aged just 4, when his great uncle, the 1st Viscount, died.[19] The manor of Buckland was thus re-united with the Longleat estates, and Thomas's son, the 3rd Viscount, was made 1st Marquis of Bath in 1789.[19]

The Phillippses

In the 1790s the 1st or 2nd Marquess sold Buckland Manor to Thomas Phillipps,[9] a local magistrate and landowner, who acquired a number of local estates around Broadway, including Middle Hill and Child's Wickham.[38] Phillipps died in 1818, and the property all passed to his son, also Thomas Phillipps, who had embarked on a lifetime of collecting documents and manuscripts on a huge scale. He accumulating some 60,000 manuscripts, a great many of which he worked on, indexed, transcribed, and in many cases published, printing his books and leaflets from his printing press in Broadway Tower, Middle Hill.[38] In addition to acquiring documents, Phillipps was meticulous in keeping his own estate records.[39] Harrison Horblit, an American with a similar enthusiasm for documents, acquired many of the Phillipps documents and these, including many Buckland estate records, are now in the library of the Grolier Club of New York.[40] When Thomas jnr died in 1872, the terms of his father's will ensured the inherited properties were passed on to his eldest daughter, Henrietta. She had eloped to marry James Orchard Halliwell, a Shakespeare scholar who met her whilst studying her father's manuscripts. Thomas refused his consent, and cut off all communication following the elopement. But it was still Henrietta and Halliwell (who later change his name to Halliwell-Phillipps) who became the next masters of Buckland Manor.[39]

St Michael's church, Buckland

For many years the village church, St Michael's, housed a sixteenth-century copy of The Acts and Monuments (popularly known as Foxe's Book of Martyrs). However, the book was stolen in January 2012.[41]

External links

Media related to Buckland, Gloucestershire at Wikimedia Commons

References

1. "Mid-2010 Population Estimates for Parishes in Gloucestershire by Single Year of Age and Sex". Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
2. Marshall, A. (1987). "The Hillfort at Burhill, Buckland, Gloucestershire: evidence for occupation during the earliest phases of the iron age" (PDF). Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society. 107: 197–202. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
3. Historic England. "Burhill] (328049)". PastScape. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
4. Barnard, E.A.B. (1923). "The Church and Rectory of Buckland" (PDF). Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society. 45: 71–85. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
5. Page, William, ed. (1907). "Houses of Benedictine monks: The abbey of St Peter at Gloucester". A History of the County of Gloucester: Volume 2. Institute of Historical Research. Archived from the original on 9 February 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
6. "Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
7. Bazeley, W (1884). "Notes on Buckland Manor and Advowson from A.D. 709 to A.D. 1546" (PDF). Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society. 9: 103–124. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
8. Walker, D.G. (1976). "Gloucester and Gloucestershire in Domesday Book" (PDF). Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society. 94: 107–116. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
9. Anon (1901). "Proceedings at the Annual Summer Meeting, at Chipping Campden, August 20th. 21st. and 22nd. 1901" (PDF). Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society. 24: 33–73. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
10. Emery, Anthony (2006). Greater Medieval Houses of England and Wales, 1300-1500: Volume 3, Southern England. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521581325. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
11. Fullbrook-Leggatt, L. E. W. O. (1964). "The Survey of Church Livings in Gloucestershire, 1650" (PDF). Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society. 83: 85–98. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
12. British Listed Byuildings: Buckland Manor Hotel Archived 8 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine accessed 29 January 2013
13. British Listed Buildings: Buckland Archived 20 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 28 January 2013
14. Welch, Charles (1890). "Gresham, Richard" . In Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney (eds.). Dictionary of National Biography. 23. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
15. Welch, Charles (1890). "Gresham, Thomas" . In Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney (eds.). Dictionary of National Biography. 23. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
16. The History of Parliament: John Thynne, 1512/13-80, of London and Longleat, Wilts. accessed 19 January 2015
17. History of Parliament, John Thynne Archived 14 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine accessed 27 January 2013
18. Brydges, Sir Edgerton (1812). Collins Peerage of England. p. 506.accessed 28 January 2013
19. Burke, Sir Bernard, (1938 ed) Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage. Shaw, London. p.243
20. Burke, Sir Bernard, (1938 ed) Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage. Shaw, London. p. 243
21. Woodfall, H. (1768). The Peerage of England; Containing a Genealogical and Historical Account of All the Peers of that Kingdom Etc. Fourth Edition, Carefully Corrected, and Continued to the Present Time, Volume 6. p. 258.
22. Lee, Sidney; Edwards, A. S. G. (revised) (2004). "Thynne, William (d. 1546)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/27426. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
23. Girouard, Mark, Thynne, Sir John (1515–1580), estate manager and builder of Longleat in Oxford Dictionary of Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004)
24. Booth, Muriel. "Thynne, John (?1550–1604), of Longleat, Wilts". History of Parliament. The History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
25. Lancaster, Henry; Thrush, Andrew. "Thynne, Charles (c.1568–1652), of Cheddar, Som". History of Parliament. The History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
26. Pugh, R. B.; Crittall, Elizabeth, eds. (1957). "Parliamentary history: 1529–1629". A History of the County of Wiltshire: Volume 5. British History Online. London: Victoria County History.
27. Ferris, John P. "Thynne, Sir James (c.1605-70), of Longbridge Deverill, Wilts". History of Parliament. The History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
28. Helms, M. W.; Ferris, John P. "Thynne, Sir Thomas (c.1610–c.69), of Richmond, Surr". History of Parliament. The History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
29. Marshall, Alan (2008) [2004]. "Thynne, Thomas [nicknamed Tom of Ten Thousand] (1647/8–1682)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/27423. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
30. Heath-Caldwell, J. J. "Thomas Thynne, 1st Marquess of Bath, 3rd Viscount Weymouth". JJ Heath-Caldwell. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
31. Hayton, D. W. "Thynne, Hon. Henry (1675-1708)". The History of Parliament. The History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
32. Dunaway, Stewart (2013). Lord John Carteret, Earl Granville: His Life History and the Granville Grants. Lulu. p. 33. ISBN 9781300878070.
33. "Bath, Thomas Thynne". Encyclopedia Britannica 1911. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
34. Thorne, Roland. "Carteret [formerly Thynne], Henry Frederick". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
35. "Thomas Thynne, 2nd Marquess of Bath (1765–1837)". National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
36. Escott, Margaret. "Thynne, Lord Henry Frederick (1797-1837), of 6 Grovesnor Square, Mdx". History of Parliament. The History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
37. "John Thynne, 4th Marquess of Bath (1831-1896), Diplomat and landowner". National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
38. Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900 vol 45. Entry for Thomas Phillipps accessed 29 January 2012
39. Martin Antonetti and Eric Holzenberg (1997)The Horblit Phillipps Collection at the Grolier Club Archived 19 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine accessed 30 January 2013
40. Phillipps Manuscripts held by the Grolier Club Archived 16 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine accessed 30 January 2013
41. "16th Century book stolen from Buckland church". BBC News. 30 January 2012. Archived from the original on 2 February 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2012.