British Railways Mark 2
The Mark 2 family of railway carriages are British Rail's second design of carriages. They were built by British Rail workshops (from 1969 British Rail Engineering Limited (BREL)) between 1964 and 1975. They were of steel construction.
| British Railways Mark 2 | |
|---|---|
 Mark 2f First open in original British Rail livery | |
 The interior of a Mark 2 Open First showing the former Virgin Trains West Coast Burgundy seat moquette trim | |
| In service | 1964–present |
| Manufacturer | British Rail Engineering Limited |
| Built at | Prototype: Swindon Works, Production: Derby Litchurch Lane Works |
| Constructed | 1963–1975 |
| Entered service | 1964 |
| Number built | 1,876 |
| Operator(s) | |
| Specifications | |
| Car body construction |
|
| Car length | 64 ft 6 in (19.66 m) |
| Doors | Hinged slam, centrally locked |
| Maximum speed | 100 mph (161 km/h) |
| Train heating | Pressure Ventilation Air Conditioning (1971 onward) |
| Bogies | B4 or B5 |
| Braking system(s) | |
| Track gauge | |
Introduction
The Mark 2 has a semi-integral construction, giving it more strength than a Mark 1 in the event of an accident. A key driver of the changed construction method was to overcome the serious corrosion problem point in the Mark 1 at the base of the body, where it was attached to the underframe. Other changes of design, such as the window units, were for the same reason, which had become a serious problem in Mark 1 vehicle maintenance costs. Revised painting methods were also part of this, which coincided with the change of livery from maroon (dark green on the Southern) to the blue and grey that Mark 2 coaches wore for much of their lives (some of the earliest Mark 2 coaches had the old livery at first).
The Mark 2 coach was one of the mainstays of the InterCity network, but new rolling stock introduced in the post-privatisation era has resulted in most being withdrawn.
Since their withdrawal from most main line duties, Mark 2 coaches have played an increasing role on private rail tours, charter trains, and on heritage railways. Since 1996, over 140 Mark 2 carriages have been exported to New Zealand, where they are still in mainline service (as of 2020).
Development
The prototype Mark 2, FK 13252, was built in 1963, and is now preserved by and located at the Mid-Norfolk Railway.
| Design | Built | Features |
|---|---|---|
| Mark 2 | 1964–66 | The basic model, with pressure ventilation and wood panelling. Fitted with vacuum brakes, so they could run with Mark 1 stock. Dual heating (steam & electric). Later some were fitted with air-operated disc brakes for Edinburgh - Glasgow Push-Pull services with class 27s, which replaced Inter-City Class 126 DMUs. |
| Mark 2A | 1967–68 | Adoption of more features from the XP64 set. Air-braked so had to run in dedicated sets. Green folding plastic gangway doors and vestibule ends. |
| Mark 2B | 1969 | Centre door omitted and wide wrap-round doors at the ends. Space saved by removal of the centre vestibule used to move toilets to one at each end instead of two at one end, as previously. Red folding plastic gangway doors and vestibule ends. |
| Mark 2C | 1969–70 | As Mk2b, with lowered ceiling with provision for ducts for air conditioning (never fitted). Red folding plastic gangway doors and vestibule ends. |
| Mark 2D | 1971–72 | Combined pressure ventilation/air-conditioning fitted so no opening windows in the seating area, glass area reduced, windows tinted. Electric heating only from here onward. Mk2d FKs and BFKs were the last locomotive-hauled side-corridor compartment coaches constructed for British Railways, other than sleeping cars. Red folding plastic gangway doors and vestibule ends. |
| Mark 2E | 1972–74 | Luggage racks fitted opposite toilet cubicles, which were reduced in size. Cream folding plastic gangway doors and vestibule ends. |
| Mark 2F | 1973–75 | Interior panelling made of plastic, new-style seating (IC70 seats) in most but not all coaches - some TSO had same seats as earlier Mk2s, full air-conditioning with lower bodyside heaters. These features had debuted on the Mark 3 prototypes. Cream folding plastic gangway doors and vestibule ends. |
The final Mark 2 carriage was departmental 999550, in 1977. As of 20 July 2009 it is still in service with Network Rail as a Track Recording Coach.[1] The later versions (2D onwards) look somewhat similar to the later Mark 3 design. The Mark 3 is longer (75 feet as opposed to 64 feet 6 inches), has a large skirting between the bogies to conceal the ancillary equipment, and has a ridged roof as opposed to the smooth roof of the Mark 2. The development of the High Speed Train overlapped with that of the final production run, and the Mark 2F "previewed" many features incorporated into the Mark 3, such as new seating, plastic interior panelling, and floor-sensor-operated automatic gangway doors.
Unlike Mark 1 coaches, built by a wide range of manufacturers, both BR workshops and private builders, all production Mark 2 (and Mark 3) coaches were built on a single assembly line at the BR carriage works at Derby.
Manchester Pullman
Mark 2 carriages were used on the Manchester Pullman service from 1966 until withdrawal in 1985. These luxuriously-appointed first class carriages had several unusual features, such as inward opening doors and some interior walnut panelling. Only 29 carriages were built. The livery was pearl grey with blue window surrounds, a reversal of the standard British Rail blue and grey livery of the late 1960s and 1970s. A Liverpool Pullman service was also operated, using the same type of carriages, until 1974.
Current uses
As of June 2020, Mark 2 coaches are still in use on some services on the UK rail network.
- Network Rail operate Mark 2s as brake force carriages on its test trains.
- Riviera Trains and West Coast Railways both operate Mark 2s on charters; many of the former's are still painted in Anglia Railways and Virgin Trains liveries.
Multiple units based on the Mark 2
Unlike the Mark 1, few multiple unit classes were based on the Mark 2 bodyshell. Most were electric multiple units with British Railways, and which operated under AC using overhead wires. The first of these were Class AM10 in 1966 operating commuter services from London Euston and in the West Midlands. The introduction of TOPS saw these units reclassified Class 310. The other type was Class 312, a derivative of, and almost identical to, the Class 310, introduced in 1975, primarily used on commuter services from London King's Cross and London Liverpool Street, the last slam-door multiple units built for British Railways. Northern Ireland Railways used the Mark 2 bodyshell as the basis for the 80 Class DEMU, which entered service in 1974. Thirteen 5 car electric multiple units were built in 1976 for Taiwan (and withdrawn in 2009): the Taiwan Railway EMU100 series.
Class 310
Class 312
80 Class
Taiwanese EMU100
Sales to other rail operators
Northern Ireland Railways and Iarnród Éireann purchased various types from new, and a number of ex-BR vehicles have been sold for further use outside Great Britain and abroad. Electric Multiple Units based on the Mark 2 design were also exported to Taiwan.
Northern Ireland
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In 1970 Northern Ireland Railways purchased new Mark 2Bs for the Enterprise train service between Belfast and Dublin. These were initially painted in an attractive maroon and blue livery and worked by maroon BREL-built Hunslet Bo-Bos of the NIR 101 Class. A pale grey livery with a blue stripe below the windows was introduced in the 1980s. This rake included No 547, the only Mark 2B dining car. This carriage was restored in 2008 by the Railway Preservation Society of Ireland (RPSI). The Mark 2B carriages were replaced on the Enterprise service by new carriages built in France by De Dietrich Ferroviaire in 1996.
NIR purchased eight British Rail Class 488 electric multiple unit coaches in 2001 that been converted from Mark 2F coaches for the Gatwick Express service from London Victoria to Gatwick Airport.[2] They were renumbered 8941-8948, The worked with NIR Generator Van 8911. They were withdrawn on 19 January 2005, having been replaced by new C3K units. They were reintroduced in September 2006 to provide extra capacity on the Portadown to Belfast (Central) service, making one trip every morning, hauled by a Class 111 locomotive. An ex-Anglia MkIIf DBSO, No. 9712 (renumbered by NIR as 8918), was bought that year to work with the Gatwick stock, but overhaul and regauging took so long that by the time it arrived in Northern Ireland in 2009, the Gatwicks had been withdrawn. Their final passenger run was on 18 June 2009.
The RPSI also acquired some Mark 2s for use in its steam hauled train in Northern Ireland in the early 2000s (decade). These are normally based at the RPSI's Whitehead depot, as well as being steam hauled they are also occasionally hired out for diesel hauled railtours. They also have some ex-NIR and ex-CIE Mk2 stock, some of which formerly operated on the Dublin to Belfast Enterprise service.
The RPSI bought the eight withdrawn Gatwick Express Mk2 coaches and generator van from NIR, which are currently (2017) in store at Dundalk and Whitehead. They will be used to augment and to replace some of the RPSI's current Mk2 fleet that work out of Whitehead. The DBSO entered preservation at the Downpatrick and County Down Railway on 27 September 2014, having never carried a passenger in NIR service or having left York Road depot by rail.
Republic of Ireland
In 1972 CIÉ placed an order with BREL for 72 coaches based on the Mark 2D. With air conditioning as a principal feature they became known as "AC Stock" and ran on type B4 bogies, with vacuum brakes. The order consisted of six First Class coaches (5101–5106), nine Composites (5151–5159), 36 Standard Class (5201–5236), eleven Restaurant/Buffet Standard Class (5401–5411) and eleven Generator Vans (5601–5611). Internal fit-out was done in Inchicore, and was quite different from the original BR design, using bench seating rather than individual seats and with extensive use of wood veneer panelling.
Their electrical system differed from the BR and NIR versions. The generator van contained two engine/generator sets, each supplying 220/380 V 50 Hz AC to two separate electrical buses in the train. The air conditioning loads were divided in half, each half fed from a separate bus. In the case of failure of one generator set, the other set automatically supplies both buses. Air conditioning output power would then be halved, but all other loads including cooking, lighting and battery charging would continue to be supplied. This later remained the model for the electrical power supply on all subsequent IE coaches.
To accommodate changes in traffic, five of the Composites (5153–5156, 5158) were re-classed as Standards, and Restaurant/Buffet Standard 5408 was converted for use as the Presidential Coach.
Iarnród Éireann purchased fifteen carriages from a UK scrap dealer during 1989, in exchange for a similar number of scrap diesel locomotives. Older Mark 2A/B/C carriages were scrapped in 2004, as they were heavily corroded. A few were preserved (minus bogies) at certain heritage railways in Ireland.
The remaining Mark 2 carriages (the 1972 vintage Mk2d sets) were phased out during 2007 and 2008, with the last set operating its final service, the 0505 Athlone–Heuston, on 31 March 2008. Two of these coaches, 5106 and 5203, were preserved by the Railway Preservation Society of Ireland. The Presidential Coach, 5408, has also been preserved by the RPSI.
New Zealand
New Zealand operates 150 refurbished former Mark 2D, 2E, and 2F First Open and Tourist Standard Open carriages on its railway lines. The first 16 were exported in January 1997.[3][4] Although New Zealand railway lines have a narrower rail gauge of 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in), the country has a similar loading gauge, allowing regauged BR carriages to run on most lines. The first carriages were imported in 1996 by then rail operator Tranz Rail and heritage operator Mainline Steam. The first seven refurbished carriages entered regular service on 15 November 1999, on the Capital Connection service between Palmerston North and Wellington.
Until 2015, the former British Rail carriages ran virtually all carriage regional commuter services. Most of them (104) operated in Auckland, classified SA (81) and SD (23), in push-pull commuter trains, with three to five SA carriages, a SD driving carriage (similar to the original Mark 2 DBSOs), and a DC class (four- and five-car) or DFT class (six-car) diesel-electric locomotive. However, Auckland has since replaced its entire suburban fleet with the purpose-built New Zealand AM class electric multiple unit. Other BR Mark 2 carriages operate on the Capital Connection (8× S class), and the Wairarapa Connection between Masterton and Wellington (18× SW class). There are also six SE class carriages, which were used with electric locomotives on Wellington commuter services between 2008 and 2011 as a temporary measure until new EMUs were delivered. The carriages were reassigned to the Wairarapa Connection in June 2013, where peak service patronage was starting to exceed the capacity of the SW carriage fleet. Mainline Steam also own four refurbished carriages, classified ML, which are based in Plimmerton (north of Wellington) and are used for its steam-hauled excursions.
All New Zealand Mark 2 carriages retain their original BR running numbers.
Taiwan (Republic of China)
Following a decision to electrify Taiwan's busy West Coast Main Line, thirteen 5 car electric multiple units based on the Mark 2 design were built by BREL in York for the Taiwan Railway Administration in 1976, but following problems with the electrical equipment and excessive weight could not enter service until 1979 following the completion of remedial works. They used GEC electrical equipment and were built for 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) track gauge. They were used on the Tze-Chiang Limited Express service. They were withdrawn from service in 2009.
Kenya
Carriages based on the Mark 2 design were built by BREL for the Kenya Railways Corporation in the late 1970s.[5]
Numbers built (BR stock)
| mark | type | quantity | original numbers |
|---|---|---|---|
| mk.2 | Pullman Kitchen First (PK) | 8 | 500–507 |
| mk.2 | Pullman Parlour First (PC) | 14 | 540–553 |
| mk.2 | Pullman Brake First (PB) | 7 | 580–586 |
| mk.2C | Open First (FO) | 18 | 3152–3169 |
| mk.2D | Open First (FO) | 47 | 3170–3216 |
| mk.2E | Open First (FO) | 55 | 3221–3275 |
| mk.2F | Open First (FO) | 164 | 3276–3439 |
| mk.2 | Tourist Open Second (TSO) | 59 | 5070–5228 |
| mk.2 | Open Second (SO) | 28 | 5229–5256 |
| mk.2A | Tourist Open Second (TSO) | 177 | 5257–5433 |
| mk.2B | Tourist Open Second (TSO) | 64 | 5434–5497 |
| mk.2C | Tourist Open Second (TSO) | 118 | 5498–5615 |
| mk.2D | Tourist Open Second (TSO) | 128 | 5616–5743 |
| mk.2E | Tourist Open Second (TSO) | 160 | 5744–5804, 5809–5907 |
| mk.2F | Tourist Open Second (TSO) | 277 | 5908–6184 |
| mk.2 | Open Brake Second (BSO) | 36 | 9381–9416 |
| mk.2A | Open Brake Second (BSO) | 22 | 9417–9438 |
| mk.2C | Open Brake Second (BSO) | 40 | 9439–9478 |
| mk.2D | Open Brake Second (BSO) | 17 | 9479–9495 |
| mk.2E | Open Brake Second (BSO) | 14 | 9496–9509 |
| mk.2F | Open Brake Second (BSO) | 30 | 9510–9539 |
| mk.2 | Corridor First (FK) | 71 | 13252, 13361–13406, 13410–13433 |
| mk.2A | Corridor First (FK) | 42 | 13434–13475 |
| mk.2B | Corridor First (FK) | 38 | 13476–13513 |
| mk.2C | Corridor First (FK) | 48 | 13514–13561 |
| mk.2D | Corridor First (FK) | 49 | 13562–13610 |
| mk.2 | Corridor Brake First (BFK) | 28 | 14028–14055 |
| mk.2A | Corridor Brake First (BFK) | 48 | 14056–14103 |
| mk.2B | Corridor Brake First (BFK) | 9 | 14104–14112 |
| mk.2C | Corridor Brake First (BFK) | 26 | 14113–14138 |
| mk.2D | Corridor Brake First (BFK) | 34 | 14139–14172 |
Models
OO gauge
Over the years the British Railways Mark 2 design has been manufactured by many of the British model railway manufacturers.
Hornby introduced Mk.2 BFK and TSO models in the late 1960s and these have remained in production intermittently ever since, sometimes being used to represent coaches of later variants (such as the Mk.2B BFK in the Royal Train). In 2013 (for the 2014 range) Hornby announced that it would produce the Mk2E variant. These are re-tooled versions and will be available in both their main range and their RailRoad range. Some from the main range will have interior lighting. Hornby are making three versions of the Mk2E i.e. FO, TSO and BSO.
Airfix introduced Mk.2D BSO, FO and TSO models in the late 1970s, these going on to be produced by successors Mainline, Dapol and ultimately Hornby. The Airfix Mk.2D was a high quality model for its day, being more accurately detailed than most contemporary products, and it is still being produced by Hornby.
Lima produced Mk.2B BFK, FK and TSO and mk.2E FO and TSO models. These were approximately 1 cm under scale length, and have not been produced since the Lima business was taken over by Hornby.
Bachmann introduced Mk.2 and Mk.2A BFK, BSO, FK and TSO models in the early 2000s, these being more detailed than the various older models. Bachmann have also announced new Mk.2F BSO, DBSO, FO, RFB and TSO models for production in 2013-14.
N gauge
Graham Farish produce Mk.2F BSO, FO, RFB and TSO models and have announced upgraded models including a DBSO for 2013-14. Mk.2A BSO, FK and TSO models were announced in 2012-13.
References
- "999550 - New Measurement Train High Speed Track Recording coach". 20 July 2009.
- "Gex Mk2s sold to Northern Ireland Railways for £1m" Rail Magazine issue 403 21 February 2001 page 53
- "Sixteen coaches ready for export to New Zealand 1/97" Rail Magazine issue 298 February 1997 page 62
- "Export Mk2 for New Zealand start their journey down under" The Railway Magazine issue 1152 April 1997 page 60
- "Itigi". Information about Northern Tanzania – via ntz.info.
- Michael Harris British Rail Mark 2 Coaches - the design that launched InterCity Venture Publications ISBN 978-1-898432-48-7
External links
- Southern e-group page on Mark 2a/b/c
