Brake-specific fuel consumption

Brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) is a measure of the fuel efficiency of any prime mover that burns fuel and produces rotational, or shaft power. It is typically used for comparing the efficiency of internal combustion engines with a shaft output.

It is the rate of fuel consumption divided by the power produced. It may also be thought of as power-specific fuel consumption, for this reason. BSFC allows the fuel efficiency of different engines to be directly compared.

The BSFC calculation (in metric units)

To calculate BSFC, use the formula

${\displaystyle BSFC={\frac {r}{P}}}$

where:

${\displaystyle r}$ is the fuel consumption rate in grams per second (g/s)

${\displaystyle P}$ is the power produced in watts where ${\displaystyle P=\tau \omega }$ (W)

${\displaystyle \omega }$ is the engine speed in radians per second (rad/s)

${\displaystyle \tau }$ is the engine torque in newton metres (N⋅m)

The above values of r, ${\displaystyle \omega }$, and ${\displaystyle \tau }$ may be readily measured by instrumentation with an engine mounted in a test stand and a load applied to the running engine. The resulting units of BSFC are grams per joule (g/J)

Commonly BSFC is expressed in units of grams per kilowatt-hour (g/(kW⋅h)). The conversion factor is as follows:

BSFC [g/(kW⋅h)] = BSFC [g/J] × (3.6 × 10⁶)

The conversion between metric and imperial units is:

BSFC [g/(kW⋅h)] = BSFC [lb/(hp⋅h)] × 608.277

BSFC [lb/(hp⋅h)] = BSFC [g/(kW⋅h)] × 0.001644

The relationship between BSFC numbers and efficiency

To calculate the actual efficiency of an engine requires the energy density of the fuel being used.

Different fuels have different energy densities defined by the fuel's heating value. The lower heating value (LHV) is used for internal-combustion-engine-efficiency calculations because the heat at temperatures below 150 °C (300 °F) cannot be put to use.

Some examples of lower heating values for vehicle fuels are:

Certification gasoline = 18,640 BTU/lb (0.01204 kW⋅h/g)

Regular gasoline = 18,917 BTU/lb (0.0122222 kW⋅h/g)

Diesel fuel = 18,500 BTU/lb (0.0119531 kW⋅h/g)

Thus a diesel engine's efficiency = 1/(BSFC × 0.0119531) and a gasoline engine's efficiency = 1/(BSFC × 0.0122225)

The use of BSFC numbers as operating values and as a cycle average statistic

BSFC [g/(kW⋅h)] map

Main article: Consumption map

Any engine will have different BSFC values at different speeds and loads. For example, a reciprocating engine achieves maximum efficiency when the intake air is unthrottled and the engine is running near its peak torque. The efficiency often reported for a particular engine, however, is not its maximum efficiency but a fuel economy cycle statistical average. For example, the cycle average value of BSFC for a gasoline engine is 322 g/(kW⋅h), translating to an efficiency of 25% (1/(322 × 0.0122225) = 0.2540). Actual efficiency can be lower or higher than the engine’s average due to varying operating conditions. In the case of a production gasoline engine, the most efficient BSFC is approximately 225 g/(kW⋅h), which is equivalent to a thermodynamic efficiency of 36%.

An iso-BSFC map (fuel island plot) of a diesel engine is shown. The sweet spot at 206 BSFC has 40.6% efficiency. The x-axis is rpm; y-axis is BMEP in bar (bmep is proportional to torque)

The significance of BSFC numbers for engine design and class

BSFC numbers change a lot for different engine designs, and compression ratio and power rating. Engines of different classes like diesels and gasoline engines will have very different BSFC numbers, ranging from less than 200 g/(kW⋅h) (diesel at low speed and high torque) to more than 1,000 g/(kW⋅h) (turboprop at low power level).

Examples of values of BSFC for shaft engines

The following table takes values as an example for the specific fuel consumption of several types of engines. For specific engines values can and often do differ from the table values shown below. Energy efficiency is based on a lower heating value of 42.7 MJ/kg (84.3 g/(kW⋅h)) for diesel fuel and jet fuel, 43.9 MJ/kg (82 g/(kW⋅h)) for gasoline.

kW	hp	Year	Engine	Type	Application	lb/(hp⋅h)	g/(kW⋅h)	efficiency
48	64	1989	Rotax 582	gasoline, 2-stroke	Aviation, Ultralight, Eurofly Fire Fox	0.699	425[1]	19.3%
321	431	1987	PW206B/B2	turboshaft	Helicopter, EC135	0.553	336[2]	24.4%
427	572	1987	PW207D	turboshaft	Helicopter, Bell 427	0.537	327[2]	25.1%
500	670	1981	Arrius 2B1/2B1A-1	turboshaft	Helicopter, EC135	0.526	320[2]	25.6%
820	1,100	1960	PT6C-67C	turboshaft	Helicopter, AW139	0.490	298[2]	27.5%
958	1,285	1989	MTR390	turboshaft	Helicopter, Tiger	0.460	280[2]	29.3%
84.5	113.3	1996	Rotax 914	gasoline, turbo	Aviation, Light-sport aircraft, WT9 Dynamic	0.454	276[3]	29.7%
88	118	1942	Lycoming O-235-L	gasoline	Aviation, General aviation, Cessna 152	0.452	275[4]	29.8%
1,799	2,412	1984	RTM322-01/9	turboshaft	Helicopter, NH90	0.420	255[2]	32.1%
63	84	1991	GM Saturn I4 engine	gasoline	Cars, Saturn S-Series	0.411	250[5]	32.5%
150	200	2011	Ford EcoBoost	gasoline, turbo	Cars, Ford	0.403	245[6]	33.5%
300	400	1961	Lycoming IO-720	gasoline	Aviation, General aviation, PAC Fletcher	0.4	243[7]	34.2%
7,000	9,400	1986	Rolls-Royce MT7	gas turbine	Hovercraft, SSC	0.3998	243.2[8]	34.7%
2,000	2,700	1945	Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone	gasoline, turbo-compound	Aviation, Commercial aviation; B-29, Constellation, DC-7	0.380	231[9]	35.5%
57	76	2003	Toyota 1NZ-FXE	gasoline	Car, Toyota Prius	0.370	225[10]	36.4%
550	740	1931	Junkers Jumo 204	diesel 2-stroke, turbo	Aviation, Commercial aviation, Junkers Ju 86	0.347	211[11]	40%
36,000	48,000	2002	Rolls-Royce Marine Trent	turboshaft	Marine propulsion	0.340	207[12]	40.7%
2,340	3,140	1949	Napier Nomad	Diesel-compound	Concept Aircraft engine	0.340	207[13]	40.7%
165	221	2000	Volkswagen 3.3 V8 TDI	Diesel	Car, Audi A8	0.337	205[14]	41.1%
2,013	2,699	1940	Deutz DZ 710	Diesel two stroke	Concept Aircraft engine	0.330	201[15]	41.9%
42,428	56,897	1993	GE LM6000	turboshaft	Marine propulsion, Electricity generation	0.329	200.1[16]	42.1%
130	170	2007	BMW N47 2L	Diesel	Cars, BMW	0.326	198[17]	42.6%
88	118	1990	Audi 2.5L TDI	Diesel	Car, Audi 100	0.326	198[18]	42.6%
620	830		Scania AB DC16 078A	Diesel 4-stroke	Electricity generation	0.312	190[19]	44.4%
1,200	1,600	early 1990s	Wärtsilä 6L20	Diesel 4-stroke	Marine propulsion	0.311	189.4[20]	44.5%
3,600	4,800		MAN Diesel 6L32/44CR	Diesel 4-stroke	Marine propulsion, Electricity generation	0.283	172[21]	49%
4,200	5,600	2015	Wärtsilä W31	Diesel 4-stroke	Marine propulsion, Electricity generation	0.271	165[22]	51.1%
34,320	46,020	1998	Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96-C	Diesel 2-stroke	Marine propulsion, Electricity generation	0.263	160[23]	52.7%
27,060	36,290		MAN Diesel S80ME-C9.4-TII	Diesel 2-stroke	Marine propulsion, Electricity generation	0.254	154.5[24]	54.6%
34,350	46,060		MAN Diesel 12G95ME-C9	Diesel 2-stroke	Marine propulsion	0.254	154.5[25]	54.6%
605,000	811,000	2016	General Electric 9HA	Combined cycle	Electricity generation	0.223	135.5 (eq.)	62.2%[26]

Turboprop efficiency is only good at high power; SFC increases dramatically for approach at low power (30% P_max) and especially at idle (7% P_max) :

2,050 kW Pratt & Whitney Canada PW127 turboprop (1996)[27]

Mode	Power	fuel flow	SFC	Energy efficiency
Nominal idle (7%)	192 hp (143 kW)	3.06 kg/min (405 lb/h)	1,282 g/(kW⋅h) (2.108 lb/(hp⋅h))	6.6%
Approach (30%)	825 hp (615 kW)	5.15 kg/min (681 lb/h)	502 g/(kW⋅h) (0.825 lb/(hp⋅h))	16.8%
Max cruise (78%)	2,132 hp (1,590 kW)	8.28 kg/min (1,095 lb/h)	312 g/(kW⋅h) (0.513 lb/(hp⋅h))	27%
Max climb (80%)	2,192 hp (1,635 kW)	8.38 kg/min (1,108 lb/h)	308 g/(kW⋅h) (0.506 lb/(hp⋅h))	27.4%
Max contin. (90%)	2,475 hp (1,846 kW)	9.22 kg/min (1,220 lb/h)	300 g/(kW⋅h) (0.493 lb/(hp⋅h))	28.1%
Take-off (100%)	2,750 hp (2,050 kW)	9.9 kg/min (1,310 lb/h)	290 g/(kW⋅h) (0.477 lb/(hp⋅h))	29.1%

See also

• Fuel economy in automobiles
• Energy-efficient driving
• Fuel management systems
• Marine fuel management
• Thrust specific fuel consumption

References

Notes

1. "Operator Manual for 447/503/582" (PDF). Rotax. Sep 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-07-22. Retrieved 2018-06-08.
2. "Gas Turbine Engines" (PDF). Aviation Week. January 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-11-06. Retrieved 2018-07-09.
3. "Operator Manual for 914 series" (PDF). Rotax. Apr 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-06-11. Retrieved 2018-06-08.
4. O-235 and O-290 Operator's Manual (PDF), Lycoming, Jan 2007, p. 3-8 version-L
5. Michael Soroka (March 26, 2014). "Are Airplane Engines Inefficient?".
6. "Advanced Gasoline Turbocharged Direct Injection (GTDI) Engine Development" (PDF). Ford Research and Advanced Engineering. May 13, 2011.
7. IO-720 Operator's Manual (PDF), Lycoming, October 2006, p. 3-8
8. "MT7 Brochure" (PDF). Rolls-Royce. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-04-20. Retrieved 2018-07-09.
9. Kimble D. McCutcheon (27 October 2014). "Wright R-3350 "Cyclone 18"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 August 2016.
10. "Development of New-Generation Hybrid System THS II - Drastic Improvement of Power Performance and Fuel Economy". Society of Automotive Engineers. 8 March 2004.
11. inter-action association, 1987
12. "Marine Trent". Civil Engineering Handbook. 19 Mar 2015.
13. "Napier Nomad". Flight. 30 April 1954.
14. "The new Audi A8 3.3 TDI quattro: Top TDI for the luxury class" (Press release). Audi AG. July 10, 2000.
15. "Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II". London, UK: Bracken Books. 1989.
16. "LM6000 Marine Gas Turbine" (PDF). General Electric. 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-11-19.
17. "BMW 2.0d (N47)" (in French). Auto-innovations. June 2007.
18. "The New Audi 5-Cylinder Turbo Diesel Engine: The First Passenger Car Diesel Engine with Second Generation Direct Injection". Society of Automotive Engineers. 1 February 1990.
19. "DC16 078A" (PDF). Scania AB.
20. "Wärtsilä 20 product guide" (PDF). Wärtsilä. 14 February 2017.
21. "Four-Stroke Propulsion Engines" (PDF). Man Diesel. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-17.
22. "The new Wärtsilä 31 engine". Wärtsilä Technical Journal. 20 October 2015.
23. "RTA-C Technology Review" (PDF). Wärtsilä. 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 26, 2005.
24. "MAN B&W S80ME-C9.4-TII Project Guide" (PDF). Man Diesel. May 2014.
25. "MAN B&W G95ME-C9.2-TII Project Guide" (PDF). Man Diesel. May 2014. p. 16.
26. Tomas Kellner (17 Jun 2016). "Here's Why The Latest Guinness World Record Will Keep France Lit Up Long After Soccer Fans Leave" (Press release). General Electric.
27. "ATR: The Optimum Choice for a Friendly Environment" (PDF). Avions de Transport Regional. June 2001. p. PW127F engine gaseous emissions. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-08.

Bibliography

• Reciprocating engine types
• HowStuffWorks: How Car Engines Work
• Reciprocating Engines at infoplease
• Piston Engines US Centennial of Flight Commission
• Effect of EGR on the exhaust gas temperature and exhaust opacity in compression ignition engines
• Heywood J B 1988 Pollutant formation and control. Internal combustion engine fundamentals Int. edn (New York: Mc-Graw Hill) pp 572–577
• Well-to-Wheel Studies, Heating Values, and the Energy Conservation Principle

External links

• Exemplary maps for commercial car engines collected by ecomodder forum users