Botum Sakor National Park

Botum Sakor National Park (Khmer: ឧទ្យានជាតិបុទុមសាគរ - Outtyeancheat Botum Sakor) is the largest national park of Cambodia. Situated on the coast of the Gulf of Thailand, Botum Sakor (or Botumsakor) is a peninsula projecting southwest from the Cardamom Mountains. The national park comprises an area of 1,825.85 km2 (704.96 sq mi) and spans three districts of Koh Kong Province: Kiri Sakor, Botum Sakor and Koh Kong. The park is under the administration of the Cambodian Ministry of Environment.[2]

Botum Sakor National Park
LocationKoh Kong Province, Cambodia
Nearest citySihanoukville
Coordinates11.11553035°N 103.24969205°E / 11.11553035; 103.24969205
Area1,825.85 km2 (704.96 sq mi)[1]
Established1993[1]
Governing bodyCambodian Ministry of Environment, Department of Nature Conservation and Protection

The landscape

The majority of Botum Sakor’s area comprise gently sloping lowland, covered by evergreen woods and grasslands, emerging in coastal flood plains with mangrove and swamp forests. The climate is characterized by a tropical monsoon and the area has two high tides per day, with a range of approximately 1.5 m. The human population of Botum Sakor National Park is unknown.[3]

Wildlife
Botum Sakor National Park has a very rich and varied wildlife, some of which is unique to the world. The pileated gibbons (Hylobates pileatus) are just one of eight globally endangered mammalian species found living here.

The national park of Botum Sakor has a very rich and varied wildlife that is unique in the world. Only very little on-location research has been done and published on the biodiversity of the area so far[2] and for the remote interior of the park, no scientific investigation has ever been carried out, due to the area's extremely hard terrain. Nevertheless, the limited available knowledge and emerging understanding, are clearly showing that this area is of very high importance on a global level, with many threatened and endemic species living here. More than a few are even listed as critically endangered on the international IUCN Red List. Therefore, the establishment of the area as a national park in 1993, was an important step towards securing the biodiversity of planet Earth.

Mammals

As of 2009, evidence of over 44 mammal species have been found within the national park boundaries, eight of which are of high conservation priority, being listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List, some of them critically. These endangered species includes the Sunda pangolin (Anis javanica), Bengal slow loris (Nycticebus bengalensis), Indochinese lutung (Trachypithecus germaini), hog deer (Axis porcinus), dhole (Cuon alpinus), fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus), Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), and pileated gibbon (Hylobates pileatus).[4][5] Local poachers affirm, that the pileated gibbons here forms a considerable population and it has been speculated, that the national park might in fact contain as much as 10% of the global population.[6][7] Recent camera-trap evidence suggests, that the area is also home to the critically endangered Indochinese tiger.

Many other threatened species have their home in Botum Sakor National Park, in fact over a quarter of the mammalian species here are of conservation interest due to their global status.[8] These include large-toothed ferret-badger (Melogale personata), hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana), smooth-coated otter (Lutra perspicillata), sambar deer, large-spotted civet and more.[2] There is a possibility that sun bear and moon bear might be present as well.[9]

Amphibians and reptiles

Surprisingly only a relatively small number of amphibian species have been found on the premisses of the national park. The area was expected to hold a large number of species, since the Cardamom Mountains are home to many and there are a broader variety of ecosystems to be found in Botum Sakor, compared to the mountains. Many of the amphibians found in the park, are of great importance nonetheless. Both the Mortensen’s frog (Rana mortenseni) and spine-glanded mountain frog (Paa fasciculispina) are endemic to the south west of Cambodia and the Thailand-owned section of the Cardamom mountain range, and two threatened species of turtle and one species of tortoise is also living here.

Most of the many reptiles of Botum Sakor are snakes, including charismatic species such as the king cobra and the Malay pit viper. Snakes are regularly seen, and subsequently hacked to death by local residents, at local plantations. There is also a known small population of Siamese crocodiles in some of the parks creeks. Cambodia in fact retains the world's largest population of this critically endangered species, which was recently (2007) thought to be extinct even. The larger saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) is also here, and although it is of least concern from a global conservational viewpoint, they are threatened in South-east Asia. In Cambodia, saltwater crocodiles are thought to be restricted to Koh Kong Province.[2]

Birds

There are several hundred species of birds to be found within the park area, but only preliminary research has been carried out so far. Of particular interest to conservationists is the white-winged duck (Cairina scutulata), which is endangered and one of the rarest waterfowl in Asia. There are a number of other threatened or near-threatened birds here too, like green peafowl (Pavo muticus), lesser adjutant (Leptoptilos javanicus), Oriental darter (Anhinga melanogaster), great hornbill (Buceros bicornis) and grey-headed fish eagle (Icthyophaga icthyaetus).[2]

Insects

The research on the lepidopterans (butterflies and moths) in Botum Sakor is also preliminary and at the same time unique for the country as a whole, since very little research on this group have been published on Cambodia at all. As of 2009, 147 species of lepidoterans have been recorded in the park, with as many as 49 species in the family Nymphalidae alone. Almost all the lepidopteran species (and individuals) were found in the dense forests or the swamp forests, with very few in the open areas of meadow and river edge habitats. A larger number of species of the subfamily Satyrinae has been registered in the swampy forest habitats; a mean of 38 species per habitat area.[2] The most common species in the park overall, seems to be the common evening brown butterfly (Melanitis leda). Due to the lack of identification literature on butterflies and moths in Cambodia, a number of unidentifiable species have been caught during research projects.[10]

Understanding the distribution and development of the butterflies and moths are important in understanding and managing the national parks, as they are good indicator species of the environment. The relatively high percentage of Nymphalidae species in Botum Sakor are, in addition to other factors, reflecting that the habitats are indeed disturbed by excessive clear cutting and logging.[11]

Threats and concerns

Disturbance of Botum Sakor National Park is extremely high. In the years 1997 - 2002, an estimated 229 km2 of evergreen forest was lost through illegal logging (~30 km2/year).2 These initial crimes and large scale destructive activities, was eventually halted at the beginning of the new millennium, but the national park is now facing an increasing threat of destruction under the pretext of so-called development1 at both local, national and international levels.[12]

Agriculture, industry and construction projects

After establishing the Botum Sakor National Park in 1993, the Government of Cambodia apparently decided, that a large part of the land should be used for various agro-industrial and construction projects. A series of Economic Land Concessions has been issued and signed in recent years. How land is exploited, sold and leased in Cambodia is notoriously murky,[13] but below is a list of well documented projects in relation to the park:

In November 1998, a concession agreement was signed with the Chinese company The Green Rich Co., Ltd. to plant, grow and harvest oil palms, fruit trees and acacia in a 60,200 ha (602 km2) area. More than 80% of the land is located within Botum Sakor National Park in the north-east and constitutes roughly 40% of the Koh Kong Districts contribution to the national park. The project was initially scheduled to be carried out in 6 stages, converting 10,000 ha of the national park to plantations in each stage, but disputes with the Cambodian Ministry of Environment arose.[14]

In April 2008, a concession agreement lasting 99 years was signed with Tianjin Union Development Group for the purpose of developing an area of 36,000 ha (360 km2) for tourism. The land is in both Kiri Sakor District and Botum Sakor District. Resort brochures show ambitious plans: a new airport with a capacity of 10 million passengers a year, double the capacity of Phnom Penh International Airport and more than 40 times the number of visitors who arrived in 2017 at Sihanouk International Airport, docking facilities for full-size cruise ships, and high-speed rail connections to Phnom Penh and Siem Reap.[15][16]

In August 2009, a concession agreement was signed with Koh Kong sez Co.,Ltd., to initiate a large scale agro-industrial project in a 9,977 ha (99.77 km2) area. The land is located within the Kiri Sakor District.[17]

In April 2010, a concession agreement lasting 90 years was signed with the Cambodian company L.Y.P Group Co., Ltd. To construct Tapioca plantations in a 4,097 ha (40.97 km2) area. The land is located in the upper-middle of the national park, mainly in the Botum Sakor District, but involving all of the three districts contributing to the park.[18]

In January 2011, a concession agreement was signed with the company Paradise Investment Co., Ltd. for business activities in a 9,835 ha (98.35 km2) area. The land is located in the interior of the Botum Sakor District.[19] Paradise Investment Co., Ltd. is Korean based and primarily engaged in the casino business, but it operates in three associated segments: casinos, hotels and spas.[20][21]

In July 2011, a concession agreement was signed with the company Sinimexim Investment Co., Ltd. to construct rubber plantations and conduct unspecified agro-industrial business activities in a 4,280 ha (42.80 km2) area. The land is located in the interior of the Botum Sakor District, just north of the land concession with Paradise Investment Co., Ltd.[22]

In December 2012, a contract was signed with an unknown company to construct a reservoir and hydropower dam, involving a 6,771 ha (67.71 km2) area. The land is apparently located in the Botum Sakor District.[23]

Impact

A simple calculation reveals that the total area involved in the agricultural, industrial and constructional projects, adds up to more than 119,120 ha (1191.2 km2). This comprise 70% of the national park.[24] Needless to say, if the projects are allowed to unfold as they are planned, it will mean the ultimate destruction of Botum Sakor National Park.

Landsat satellite images, journalistic investigations and activist reports clearly shows how large areas have been clear-cut at an accelerated pace in the concessions since 2008. Especially the coastal mangrove has suffered and is almost non-existing throughout the park, as of 2012.[25]

Illegal logging

There is now substantial evidence, that the criminal practices of illegal logging on the premises of the national park, has become a problem once again in the last few years and at an alarmingly accelerated pace even. Satellite images (Landsat and Envisat), journalistic investigations and activist reports shows how the formerly densely forested interior has been thinned to an extent, that almost all of Botum Sakor National Park has been directly affected. Many of the densely forested habitats are now degraded and categorized as so-called mixed forest habitat because of this thinning.[26][27] There seems to be a number of reasons for the new illegal logging practices and various groups participate, spanning from opportunistic locals, some of the companies involved in the concessions (see above) and organized criminal syndicates. Some of the logged timbers are rosewood and various threatened hardwood species used in luxury buildings and for expensive furniture, but also plants like the saffrol laurel tree (Cinnamomum parthenoxylon, a member of the cinnamon tree genus) and yellow vine[28] are being cut and collected to make psychoactive drugs like ecstasy, for south-east Asian traditional medicine, and other purposes.[29] Many spots where illegal timbers and plant harvests are processed or cut up, have been uncovered within the national park itself.[30][31][32][33][34]

Poaching

Poaching in Cambodias national parks remains extremely rampant[35] and Botum Sakor is no exclusion to this trend. The methods that are most disturbing in Botum Sakor are the setting of snares, and the opportunistic hunting of small mammal species for food. The poaching in Cambodia have many reasons, but one of the reasons in Botum Sakor National Park is feeding the traditional Chinese medicinal market.[8] It is generally believed, that this area of Cambodia, classified as one of the world's 25 top biodiversity hot spots by Wildlife Alliance, is destined to be turned into a ghost-forest unless radical measures are taken.

Fragmentation of habitats

Habitat fragmentation of the national park is a concern. The recently completed highway route 48 along the northern boundary of the park isolates it from the southern Cardamom Mountains. While some animals can cope, the highway have clearly fragmented and confined the arboreal species population such as the pileated gibbon.[8]

Active NGOs in the area

The following NGOs are known to be active in the area:[36]

  • Flora & Fauna International[37]
  • Conservation International[38]
  • Wildlife Alliance[39]

References and notes
  1. Protected Planet (2018). "Botum-Sakor National Park". United Nations Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Retrieved 26 Dec 2018.
  2. REPORT 4; Frontier Cambodia, 2010
  3. Daltry and Traeholt
  4. REPORT 4, Frontier Cambodia 2010, p.4
  5. Botum Sakor National Park: A threatened haven of biodiversity The Earth Times, 12. August 2011 (retrieved February 2014)
  6. Note: Some scientists and sources claims that the population size is overestimated, since it was based on studies in the northern parts only, where the gibbons tend to crowd. (Source: REPORT 4, Frontier Cambodia 2010, p.4)
  7. Traeholt, C., Bonthoeun, R., Rawson, B., Samuth, M., Virak, C., and Sok Vuthin 2005. Status review of pileated gibbon, Hylobates pileatus, and yellow-cheeked crested gibbon, Nomascus gabriellae, in Cambodia, FFI Cambodia Programme Office, Phnom Penh
  8. REPORT 4; Frontier Cambodia, 2010, p.6.
  9. Note: Only known from interviews and unidentified bear marks at present though. (Source: REPORT 4, Frontier Cambodia 2010, p.6)
  10. REPORT 4; Frontier Cambodia, 2010, p.23
  11. REPORT 4; Frontier Cambodia, 2010, p.29
  12. REPORT 4, Frontier Cambodia 2010, p.36
  13. Land Tenure Cambodia Profile USAID
  14. Concession Profile - The Green Rich Co., Ltd Archived 2014-02-22 at the Wayback Machine ODC
  15. "Chinese mega-resort in Cambodia raises red flags". Bangkok Post. Bloomberg. 20 July 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
  16. Concession Profile - Union Development Group Co.,Ltd Archived 2014-02-22 at the Wayback Machine
  17. Concession Profile - Koh kong sez co.,ltd Archived 2014-02-22 at the Wayback Machine ODC
  18. Concession Profile - L.Y.P Group Co., Ltd Archived 2014-02-22 at the Wayback Machine ODC
  19. Concession Profile - Paradise Investment Co., Ltd Archived 2014-02-22 at the Wayback Machine ODC
  20. Paradise Investment Co Ltd Financial Times (retrieved 10. February 2014)
  21. Paradise Group Official homepage for the company. English available,
  22. Concession Profile - Sinimexim Investment Co., Ltd Archived 2014-02-22 at the Wayback Machine ODC
  23. concession Profile Archived 2014-02-22 at the Wayback Machine ODC
  24. For nuances on the exact area, see the talk page under "Agriculture, industry and construction projects".
  25. Global Forest Change (interactve map 2000-2012) University of Maryland. Landsat satellite.
  26. Maps of forest cover by year ODC
  27. Forest Cover - Regional animations Archived 2014-02-14 at the Wayback Machine ODC
  28. Yellow vine is aka. Voer Romiet, with the scientific names of Coscinium spp., Coscinium usitatum or Coscinium fenestratum. Source: Coscinium usitatum Pierre The Plant List.
  29. Ashwell, D. and Walston, N. (2008), p. 29
  30. Documentary film: Forest of Ecstasy Archived February 22, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Adam Yamaguchi (reporter). Vanguard 2009. Hosted by Drug Documentaries.
  31. Documentary: Forest of Ecstasy Adam Yamaguchi (reporter). Vanguard 2009. Hosted by Cambodian Information Center
  32. Dominguez, Robert Jonathan: Cambodia's Forests of Ecstasy a senior research project. North Carolina State University (Dr. Erin Sills)
  33. Documentary film: Death in the Forest; David O'Shea (reporter). SBS Dateline 2012. Investigations on the shooting of environmental activist Chut Wutty.
  34. Documentary transcript: Death in the Forest SBS Dateline. The film link does not work on this website.
  35. 2. Protected areas and development: lessons from Cambodia International Centre for Environmental Management & Partners, p.35
  36. Koh Kong Conservation Corridor Lonely Planet (7. February 2014)
  37. Cambodia Flora & Fauna International
  38. Cambodia Conservation International
  39. Wildlife Alliance

Sources
gollark: You ARE to read that by the way.
gollark: Like the rust paper I posted earlier.
gollark: For instance, <@319753218592866315> make macron.
gollark: I can *very much* hold people accountable.
gollark: https://github.com/FPSG-UIUC/lotrWow, it appears that none are safe from side-channel attacks.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.