Botorrita plaque

The Botorrita plaques are four bronze plaques discovered in Botorrita (Roman Contrebia Belaisca), near Zaragoza, Spain, dating to the late 2nd century BC, known as Botorrita I, II, III and IV.

Photograph of Botorrita I (both sides)

Botorrita II is in the Latin language, but Botorrita I, III and IV, inscribed in the Celtiberian script, constitute the main part of the Celtiberian corpus.

Botorrita I

Botorrita I was found in 1970. It is the longest inscription in Celtiberian consisting of a text in 11 lines, on the front face, continued by a list of names on the back side.

A.1. tirikantam berkunetakam tokoitoskue sarnikio kue sua kombalkez nelitom

A.2. nekue [u]ertaunei litom nekue taunei litom nekue masnai tizaunei litom soz auku

A.3. arestaio tamai uta oskues stena uerzoniti silabur sleitom konskilitom kabizeti

A.4. kantom sankilistara otanaum tokoitei eni: uta oskuez boustomue koruinomue

A.5. makasiamue ailamue ambitiseti kamanom usabituz ozas sues sailo kusta bizetuz iom

A.6. asekati ambitinkounei stena es uertai entara tiris matus tinbituz neito tirikantam

A.7. eni onsatuz iomui listas titas zizonti somui iom arznas bionti iom kustaikos

A.8. arznas kuati ias ozias uertatosue temeiue robiseti saum tekametinas tatuz somei

A.9. enitouzei iste ankios iste esankios uze areitena sarnikiei akainakubos

A.10. nebintor tokoitei ios ur antiomue auzeti aratimue tekametam tatuz iom tokoitoskue

A.11. sarnikiokue aiuizas kombalkores aleites iste ikues ruzimuz abulu ubokum

B.1. lubos kounesikum melnunos bintis letontu litokum

B.2. abulos bintis melmu barauzanko lesunos bintis

B.3. letontu ubokum turo bintis lubinaz aiu berkantikum

B.4. abulos bintis tirtu aiankum abulos bintis abulu louzokum

B.5. uzeisunos bintis akainaz letontu uikanokum suostuno/s

B.6. bintis tirtanos statulikum lesunos bintis nouantutaz

B.7. letontu aiankum melmunos bintis useizu aiankum tauro [bin]/tis

B.8. abulu aiankum tauro bintis letontu letikum abulos bintis

B.9. [ ]ukontaz letontu esokum abulos bintis

Translation

Although the general contents of the inscription are known with some confidence, there is as yet no unified, agreed-upon translation. On the first side, David Stifter (2001), for example, indicates that <tirikantam> is an 'assembly of 300', similar to Gaulish tricantia, while <kombalkez> according to Bayer (1994) is something like 'was (deemed) suitable (by the assembly)' (cf. Latin complacere 'to please'). The sequences with nelitom and nekue ... litom with infinitive in -aunei are clearly something like '(it is) not permitted to ...', and mentions some kind of monetary and property fines for ignoring the prohibitions. The second side clearly consists of names, presumably prominent members of the assembly. The names are in the Celtiberian formula, e.g. lubos kounesikum melnunos, that is 'Lubo of the Kounesiko (people), [son] of Melnon'; for this reason, it has been suggested that <bintis> is actually <kentis>, i.e. /gentis/ 'son', as this clearly fits the context.

Botorrita II

Bronze II in the Zaragoza Museum.

This bronze plaque is inscribed in Latin and was discovered in an illegal excavation of the Contrebia Belaisca site, and was obtained in December 1979 by editor Guillermo Fatás Cabeza. The inscription is fully decipherable and relates how the senate of Contrebia Belaisca was called upon by neighboring towns for a decision concerning the right of the town of Salluia to build a canal through the territory of the Sosinestani, an initiative to which the neighboring Allauonenses objected. Based upon the names of Roman officials, the text has been dated to May 87 BC.[1]

1. Senatus Contrebie[n]sis quei tum aderunt iudices sunto. Sei par[ret ag]rum quem Salluienses

2. [ab Sosinest]ane[is] emerunt rivi faciendi aquaive ducendae causa qua de re agitur Sosinestanos

3. [iure suo Sa]lluiensibus vendidisse inviteis Allavonensibus;tum sei ita [p]arret eei iudices iudicent

4. eum agrum qua de re agitur Sosinestanos Salluiensibus iure suo vendidisse; sei non parr[e]t iudicent

5. iur[e] suo non vendidi[sse.]

6.Eidem quei supra scriptei [sunt] iudices sunto. Sei Sosinestana ceivitas esset, tum, qua Salluiensis

7. novissume publice depalarunt qua de re agitur, sei [i]ntra eos palos Salluiensis rivom per agrum

8. publicum Sosinestanorum iure suo facere licere[t ] aut sei per agrum preivatum Sosinestanorum

9. qua rivom fieri oporteret rivom iure suo Salluie[n]sibus facere liceret dum quanti is a[ger] aestumatu[s]

10. esset, qua rivos duceretur, Salluienses pequniam solverent, tum, sei ita [p]arret, eei iudices iudicent

11. Salluiensibus rivom iure suo facere licer[e]; sei non parret iudicent iure suo facere non licere.

12.Sei iudicarent Salluiensibus rivom facere licere, tum quos magistratus Contrebiensis quinque

13. ex senatu suo dederit eorum arbitratu pro agro preivato q[u]a rivos ducetur Salluienses

14. publice pequniam solvonto. Iudicium addeixit C.Valerius C.f. Flaccus imperator.

15.Sentent[ia]m deixerunt: quod iudicium nostrum est qua de re agitur secundum Salluienses iudicamus. Quom ea res

16. ud[ic]atas[t mag]is[t]ratus Contrebienses heisce fuerunt: Lubbus Urdinocum Letondonis f. praetor; Lesso Siriscum

17. Lubbi f. [ma]gistratus; Babbus Bolgondiscum Ablonis f. magistratus; Segilus Annicum Lubi f. magistratus;

18. [--]atu[----]ulovicum Uxenti f. magistratus; Ablo Tindilicum Lubbi f. magistratus.Caussam Sallui[ensium]

19. defen[d]it ---]assius [-]eihar f. Salluiensis. Caussam Allavonensium defendit Turibas Teitabas f.

20. [Allavo]n[en]s[is]. Actum [C]ontrebiae Balaiscae eidibus Maieis, L. Cornelio Cn. Octavio consulibu[s].9*

Botorrita III

Botorrita III, discovered in 1979, is inscribed in four columns on one side of a plaque, introduced by a heading of two lines. A part of the plaque is missing, but the inscribed portion is complete. It is heavily corroded, and the text was only legible by x-ray.

01: risatioka : lestera[:]ia : tarakuai : nouiz : auzanto

02: eskeninum : taniokakue : soisum : albana

1.1: skirtunos : tirtanikum : l	2.1: sekanos < : > kolukokum : lukinos	3.1: testios : turumokum	4.1: kainu : tirtobolokum
1.2: kontuzos : turos	2.2: tirtanos	3.2: elku : suolakue	4.2: stenion. : turikainos
1.3: retukenos : statulu	2.3: kentiskue : loukaniko < : > uiriaskum	3.3: tirtanikum : uiriaskum : mel	4.3: bolora : kentiskue : melmanzos
1.4: mezukenos : koitina	2.4: mezukenos : turanikum	3.4: kinbiria : kentiskue : turikum	4.4: tiokenesos : uiriaskum
1.5: tueizu : uiroku	2.5: elu : uiriaskum : launiku<e>	3.5: toloku : koitinakue : austunikum	4.5: kalaitos : mturiskum
1.6: munika : koitu : koitina	2.6: likinos : uiskikum	3.6: stenu : bentilikum	4.6: burzu : karunikum
1.7: sekilos : toutinikum : me.	2.7: letontu : auaskum	3.7: burzu : bentilikum : ultatunos	4.7: burzu : abilikum : elazuno
1.8: ultia : uiriaskum : mel	2.8: kasilos : atokum	3.8: koloutios : biniskum	4.8: litu : makeskokum
1.9: sura : matulokum	2.9: usizu : abokum : titos	3.9: antiokos : uiriaskum : melm	4.9: mezukenos : kalisokum
1.10: elkua : raiokum	2.10: burzu : kulukamikum	3.10: elazunos : kaburikum	4.10: koitina : tirikantanko
1.11: buria : batokum	2.11: akuia : sekiloskue : tirilokum	3.11: arkanta : mezukenoskue : abokum	4.11: esueiku : atesikum
1.12: belsa : alasku[m] : mem	2.12: mezukenos : akikum : memun	3.12: arkanta : loukanikum	4.12: kalaitos : kustikum
1.13: elkua : ensikum : seko	2.13: akuia : alaskum : memunos	3.13: stena : ensikum : skirtunos	4.13: antiokos : kustikum
1.14: sekontios : loukanikum : aiu	2.14: terkinos : austikum : eskutino	3.14: burzu : betaskum	4.14: kabutu : abokum
1.15: sura : uiriaskum : mel	2.15: koitina : abokum : useizunos	3.15: koitu : samikum : melmanzo	4.15: anu : uiriaskum
1.16: stena : muturiskum : tirtu.	2.16: tirtouios : turumokum	3.16: sekontios : ubokum	4.16: kalaitos : muturiskum
1.17: sleitiu : karunikum : le	2.17: elaukos : bentikum : rotenanko	3.17: barnai : ensikum : skirtunos	4.17: akuia : albinokum
1.18: retukenos : ensikum	2.18: elkuanos : muturiskum	3.18: tetu : loukanikum	4.18: balakos : sekonzos
1.19: letontu : atokum	2.19: terkinos : telazokum	3.19: stena : uiriaskum	4.19: kara : kalatokum
1.20: bilinos : austikum	2.20: akuia : statu : turaku : tueizunostetoku<m>	3.20: toloku : uiriaskum	4.20: arkanta : mailikum
1.21: belsu : uiriaskum	2.21: mezukenos : elazunos	3.21: arkanta : teiuantikum : tirtunos	4.21: elazunos : albinokum
1.22: sekonzos : uiriaskum : me	2.22: tirtukue : ailokiskum	3.22: mizuku : tirtobolokum	4.22: bubilibor : uiriaskum
1.23: burzu : teiuantikum	2.23: sekilos : mailikum	3.23: retukeno : elkueikikum	4.23: usizu : uiriaskum
1.24: bulibos : turumokum : ultu	2.24: letontu : ustitokum	3.24: kentisum : tuateroskue	4.24: retukenos : telkaskum
1.25: letontu : mailikum	2.25: turenta : kentiskue : ataiokum	3.25: abaliu : berikakue : suaikinokum	4.25: .ria : belsu
1.26: burzu : auikum	2.26: koitina : uerzaizokum : kalmikum	3.26: uiroku : konikum : statulos	4.26: toloku : kurmiliokum
1.27: melmanios : uiriaskum	2.27: elkuanos : kunikum	3.27: aunia : beskokum	4.27: anieskor : talukokum
1.28: karbelos : turumokum : ulta	2.28: launikue : uiriaskum	3.28: bilonikos : elokum : elkinos	4.28: s.[ ... ] < : > alikum
1.29: likinos : uerzaizokum : mem	2.29: koitu : uerzaizokum : aias	3.29: mezukenos : tirtobolokum	4.29: elkueiz : akikum
1.30: koitu : mailikum	2.30: snaziuentos : ataiokum	3.30: akuios : alikum	4.30: raieni : uizuskikum
1.31: akuios : tetokum	2.31: tais : uiriaskum	3.31: tiriu : uiriaskum	4.31: urkala : austunikum
1.32: saluta : uizuskikum	2.32: basaku : uiriaskum	3.32: turtunazkue : kazarokuu	4.32: tama : ataiokum
1.33: burzu : uiskikum : les	2.33: kalaitos	3.33: sleitiu : totinikum	4.33: retukenos : kustikum
1.34: ana : uerzaizokum : atu	2.34: koitinakue : uiriraskum	3.34: munika : ensikum : skirtunos	4.34: bilosban : betikum
1.35: sanion : baatokum	2.35: likinos : ataiokum	3.35: sekontios : uiriaskum	4.35: koitina : kankaikiskum
1.36: niskekue : babokum	2.36: sa[ ... ]i < : > kaburikum : memun	3.36: sura : suaikinokum	4.36: likinos : kuezontikum
1.37: biurtilaur : alaskum	2.37: kares : .ruaku : korkos	3.37: koitina : suoli.kum	4.37: munika : uerzaizokum
1.38: bini	2.38: to[..]r.tetokum : kekas : ko	3.38: bilir. < : > turtuntakue : telkaskum	4.38: terkinos : turanikum
1.39: rusku : uiriaskum : kentisku<e>	2.39: aureiaku	3.39: elu < : > karbilikum	4.39: teuzesi : kustikum
1.40: or..bilos : likinoskue	2.40: tuate.eskue : uiriaskum	3.40: terkinos : atokum : launikue	4.40: kaukirino
1.41: abo..kum	2.41: burzu : babouikum	3.41: mizuku : telkaskum
1.42: abu..akuiakue : araiokum	2.42: koitu : kuinikum : tirtunos	3.42: melmantama : bentilikum
1.43: alu : aiukue : araiokum	2.43: [ ... .] : loukanikum : tirtunos	3.43: markos : kalisokum
1.44: kalos : telkaskum	2.44: toloku : kalisokum : atinos	3.44: arkanta : toutinikum
1.45: elazuna : loukanikum	2.45: tarkunbiur	3.45: tolokunos : ke : kalisokum
1.46: mezukenos : loukanikum	2.46: bibalos : atokum : tirtano	3.46: sura : ensikum : melman < : > ba (?)
1.47: burzu : tirtobolokum	2.47: sikeia : beteriskum	3.47: usama : abaloskue : karunikum
1.48: sleitiu : makeskokum	2.48: sekontios : turumokum : ultatun	3.48: elazuna : balaisokum
1.49: iunsti.[.] : uiriaskum	2.49: tekos : konikum	3.49: likinos : turumokum : ti
1.50: tioken.s : uiriaskum	2.50: bartiltun : ekarbilos	3.50: tueizunos : binis.kum
1.51: uiroku : turumokum	2.51: munika < : > elkuakue : koitinas	3.51: bilonikos : ensikum
1.52: mizuku : retukenos : tirtanos	2.52: terkinos : toutinikum : leton	3.52: ebursunos : mailikinokum
1.53: munikakue : uiriaskum	2.53: katunos : burikounikum	3.53: arkanta : ailokiskum
1.54: burzu : atokum	2.54: elazuna : ukulikum	3.54: suros : alikum
1.55: aualos : kortikos	2.55: keka : kabelaikiskum	3.55: ultinos : amakue : uiriaskum
1.56: amu : kankaikiskum	2.56: munika : tolisokum : tirtun	3.56: babos : kentiskue : uiriaskum
1.57: kaiaitos : litukue : abokum	2.57: elazuna : ensikum : turo	3.57: turaios : litanokum : kurmilokum
1.58: aba : muturiskum	2.58: sekonzos : bentikum	3.58: launikue : uiriaskum
1.59: barnai : turumokum : tirs	2.59: tokiosar : ensikum	3.59: kari : uiriaskum
1.60: mezukenos : abokum : turo	2.60: akuia : abokum : letontunos	3.60: kuintitaku : mailikinokum

Xavier Delamarre argues that the term uiroku (ViroKu) means "man-wolf" and is cognate to the ancient name of the English village of Wroxeter: Viroconium.[2] In this vein, the word is cognate to Old Irish Ferchú and Old Welsh Gurcí.[3]

Blanca Maria Prósper interprets the word letontu as pertaining to the semantc field of the Proto-Indo-European root *pléth₂us ("flat, vast, broad").[4] It is also suggested that Toutinokum refers to a family name and derives from the widespread Celtic (and Indo-European) root *teuta ('people').[5]

Botorrita IV

Botorrita IV, discovered in 1994, consists of 18 lines on both faces of the plaque. The text is fragmentary. The tirikantam of Botorrita I reappears in line A.1.

A.1. [...]tam:tirikantam:entorkue:toutam[...]

A.2. [...]:sua kombal[.]z:bouitos:ozeum:[...]

A.3. [...]i:turuntas:tirikantos:kustai:bize[...]

A.4. [...]a:karalom:aranti:otenei:ambi[...]

A.5. [...]kom:atibion:taskue:.a.s[...]

A.6. [...]kue:usimounei:[...]

A.7. [...]karalom:ios:lu.e.s[...]

A.8. [...]oi.u..ti:esta[...]

A.9. [...]uta:...kue[...]

A.10. [...]ti.. n.e[...]

B.1. [...]e .. i[...]

B.2. [...]atuz:uta:e[...]

B.3. [...]isum:..ti:[...]

B.4. [...]olo...:iom:u[...]

B.5. [...]toke...ta:.ue:tizatuz[...]

B.6. [...]l..lez.l.toioan[...]

B.7. [...]toruonti:stoteroi:tas[...]

B.8. [...]ko..esusiomo..o[...]

gollark: It's generated from the optimization parameters per-compile.

gollark: NO I DIDN'T.

gollark: Why does it not count?

gollark: It only works if you also have GCC installed.

gollark: That's the compiler.

References

Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia John T. Koch, Vol 1, p. 233
Delamarre, Xavier. "Affranchis, chevaux sauvages, libérateurs et mercenaires: le mot gaulois pour «libre»". In: Etudes Celtiques, vol. 41, 2015. p. 136. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/ecelt.2015.2454]; www.persee.fr/doc/ecelt_0373-1928_2015_num_41_1_2454
Lambert, Pierre-Yves. "Francisco Villar, M.a Pilar Fernandez Álvarez, ed. Religión, lengua y cultura prerromanas de Hispania, Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, 2001 (Acta Salmanticensia, Estudios Filológicos, 283). = Actas del VIII Coloquio internacional sobre lenguas y culturas prerromanas de la Península Ibérica (11-14 mai 1999, Salamanque)". In: Etudes Celtiques, vol. 35, 2003. p. 393. [www.persee.fr/doc/ecelt_0373-1928_2003_num_35_1_2242_t1_0386_0000_2]
Villar Liébana, Francisco y Prósper, Blanca María. Vascos, celtas e indoeuropeos: genes y lenguas. Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. 2005. p. 208.
Prósper Perez, Blanca Maria. Estudio lingüístico del plomo celtibérico de Iniesta. Salamanca: . 2007. p. 24. ISBN 978-84-7800-365-5