Bonnet macaque

The bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata), also known as zati,[4] is a species of macaque endemic to southern India. Its distribution is limited by the Indian Ocean on three sides and the Godavari and Tapti Rivers, along with its related competitor the rhesus macaque in the north.[3][5][6] Land use changes in the last few decades have resulted in changes in its distribution boundaries with the rhesus macaque, raising concern for its status in the wild.[7][8]

[1][2]

Bonnet macaque
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Family: Cercopithecidae
Genus: Macaca
Species:
M. radiata
Binomial name
Macaca radiata
(É. Geoffroy, 1812)
Bonnet macaque range
Synonyms
  • diluta Pocock, 1931

This Old World monkey is a diurnal animal.[9] It is 35–60 cm long plus a tail of 35–68 cm. Males weigh 5.5 to 9.0 kg, females 3.5 to 4.5 kg. The monkey can live up to 35 years in captivity.[10]

The bonnet macaque feeds on fruits, nuts, seeds, flowers, invertebrates, and cereals. In southern India, this macaque exists as commensal to humans, feeding on food given by humans and raiding crops and houses.[11]

Two subspecies of bonnet macaques have been identified: M. r. radiata and M. r. diluta.[5]

Behavior
Eating Delonix regia flowers

The bonnet macaque has a very wide range of gestures and behaviors, which can be easily differentiated. Lip smacking is one of the most common affiliative behaviors, where one individual may open and close its mouth in rapid succession, with its tongue between its teeth and its lips pressing against each other, giving an audible sound. A grimace is the most common gesture of fear or submission that a subordinate shows to a dominant individual during aggressive encounters. It consists of pulling back its upper lip, showing its upper teeth. It also has distinct alarm calls for predators such as pythons and leopards.[12][13]

Social structure

[14]The bonnet macaque are very social animals and they communicate in a different range of facial expressions. The bonnet macaque, like other macaques, shares a linear dominance hierarchy; the alpha male is the most dominant male of the troop, followed by a beta male and a gamma male, and so on according to their dominance. Similarly, females also follow this linear hierarchy. The male and female hierarchies are different and of a nonoverlapping or nonmixing types. Males are usually dominant over females.[15] In their social groups females tend to stay in the same group they were born in. whereas males tend to join other groups, making bonnet macaque genetically diverse.[16]

The females' dominance hierarchy is stable (rarely changes), whilst the males' dominance hierarchy is very dynamic. In the male hierarchy, males close in rank often fight to rise in rank. A male has the best chance of obtaining high rank in his prime age, resulting in the greatest benefits to reproduction. High-ranking individuals have first access to breeding females. Females are receptive during only a few months in a year, resulting in competition between males. In this situation, the ranks established by aggressive encounters come into play. Most of these aggressive encounters are easily resolved, but competition between similarly built or similarly aggressive males results in brutal and sometime fatal fights. Female bonnet macaques attempt kidnappings of lower-ranking females. These are done mostly by mother females and majority of the time they are not successful in completing it.[17] Different males may employ various means to rise in rank. Coalition formation between unrelated males to oust a more dominant male has been observed. Males often move from troop to troop to gain higher rank with the resulting benefits. However, males remaining in a single troop have been observed to rise to become dominant male of that troop.

An important note is male bonnet macaques are generally far more laid back and carefree in their social lives than many other macaque species. Competition among male bonnet macaques is much more subdued and there is a much higher emphasis on pacifism. Male bonnet macaques groom each other, hug each other, sleep near each other, play together and engage in homosexual male on male anal sex as a social defuser, essentially regulating the bonnet macaque as the "bonobo" of the macaque family. While assertive males may take measures to monopolize matings, they cannot control females and these females will mate promiscuously, as macaques do. Some mysterious environmental pressures must have driven the bonnet macaque to form an unusually egalitarian social structure. Why this trend crops up convergently in separate macaque species rather than being an ancestral macaque trait is an enigma. A possible driving force may be these pacifist species inhabit more fertile habitats with more abundant food. Bonnet macaques are also fantastic swimmers and enjoy spending time in water.

In the case of females, the stable dominance hierarchy is a result of female philopatry, when individuals tend to remain with the troop into which they are born. This results in the formation of matrilinear groupings of closely related females. These matrilines help each other during antagonistic interactions. As the matrilines are continuously reinforced with new births of females in a troop, ranks rarely change. A few rare cases of rank reversal for females have been recorded in which matrilines have become extremely depleted due to few female births. Male infants would not help to reinforce the matrilines, as they move off to new troops, leaving their natal troops.

  • Valara Waterfalls, Kerala
  • Near Coimbatore, India
  • Bonnet macaque, Kalrayan Hill Forests, Tamil Nadu, India
  • Bonnet macaque breastfeeding, Kerala
  • Bonnet macaque breast feeding, Wayanadu District, Kerala, India
  • Bonnet macaque at Parambikulam tiger reserve
  • Allogrooming females and suckling infant
  • Foraging macaque with cheek pouch stuffed with fruits
  • Tourists feeding macaques
  • Bonnet macaque on car looking for food near monkey falls anaimalai hills
  • Physically challenged bonnet macaque from Kadapa, Andhra pradesh
  • Man with a pet bonnet macaque
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gollark: There might be laws requiring you to actually have money to cover it.
gollark: Other way round isn't it?
gollark: And you are interpreting it by dropping bits like the mixed fabric thing.
gollark: And? Other religions did. And nonreligion thought. They disagree on stuff.

References
  1. Silk, Joan B. (1980). "Kidnapping and female competition among captive bonnet macaques". Primates. 21: 100–110. doi:10.1007/BF02383827.
  2. https://www.worldlandtrust.org/species/mammals/bonnet-macaque/
  3. Singh, M., Kumara, H.N. & Kumar, A. (2020). "Macaca radiata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T12558A17951596. Retrieved 10 July 2020.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. Chambers English Dictionary
  5. Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 164. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  6. Fooden, Jack (1988) Taxonomy and Evolution of the Sinica Group of Macaques: 6. Interspecific Comparisons and Synthesis. Fieldiana Zoology (New Series) 45.
  7. Kumar, R. Radhakrishna; S. Sinha, A (2011). "Of Least Concern? Range Extension by Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) Threatens Long-Term Survival of Bonnet Macaques (M. radiata) in Peninsular India". International Journal of Primatology. 32 (4): 945. doi:10.1007/s10764-011-9514-y.
  8. Govindarajan, Vinita. "South India is losing its endemic bonnet monkey to an aggressive invader from the north". Scroll.in. Retrieved 2017-09-14.
  9. "Old World Monkeys". AnimalCorner.co.uk. January 1, 2004. Archived from the original on June 28, 2012. Retrieved 2013-04-25.
  10. Brown, M. (2008). "Macaca radiata". Animal Diversity Web.
  11. bonnet monkey. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved on 2013-04-25.
  12. Coss, Richard G.; McCowan, Brenda; Ramakrishnan, Uma (2007). "Threat-Related Acoustical Differences in Alarm Calls by Wild Bonnet Macaques (Macaca radiata) Elicited by Python and Leopard Models" (PDF). Ethology. 113 (4): 352. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2007.01336.x.
  13. Friends Help More Promptly, at Least in Monkeys. Sciencedaily.com (2012-07-31). Retrieved on 2013-04-25.
  14. Farrows. "Bonnet Macaque: Species in World Land Trust reserves". World Land Trust. Retrieved 2020-03-07.
  15. Singh, Mewa; Jeyaraj, Tephillah; Prashanth, U.; Kaumanns, Werner (2010). "Male–Male Relationships in Lion-tailed Macaques (Macaca silenus) and Bonnet, Macaques (Macaca radiata)" (PDF). International Journal of Primatology. 32: 167–176. doi:10.1007/s10764-010-9448-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-14.
  16. Farrows. "Bonnet Macaque: Species in World Land Trust reserves". World Land Trust. Retrieved 2020-03-07.
  17. Silk, Joan B. (1980-01-01). "Kidnapping and female competition among captive bonnet macaques". Primates. 21 (1): 100–110. doi:10.1007/BF02383827. ISSN 1610-7365.
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