Boer foreign volunteers

Boer foreign volunteers were participants who volunteered their military services to the Boers in the Second Boer War.

Boer foreign volunteers
After the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway and the Russian Empire contributed the second largest number of Boer foreign volunteers in the Second Boer War, from a 1901 photograph of a group of commandos in the Scandinavian Corps
Active1899–1902
Country Kingdom of the Netherlands - Dutch Corps

United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway - Scandinavian Corps (Skandinaviens Korps)

Grand Duchy of Finland - Scandinavian Corps (Skandinaviens Korps)

German Empire - German Corps (Deutsches Korps) and Polish volunteers

France - Legion of France

United States - Irish American volunteers in American Scouts

Austria-Hungary - Polish, Hungarian volunteers

Kingdom of Italy - Italian Volunteer Legion

Ireland - Irish Transvaal Brigade and Second Irish Brigade
(Irish, Australian, Greek, German, Boer, and Italian volunteers)

Russian Empire - Russian Scouts and Polish volunteers

Kingdom of Greece - Greek volunteers in Second Irish Brigade

Kingdom of Belgium - Belgian volunteers

 Australia (from 1901)

New South Wales (1899–1901)

Queensland (1899–1901)

South Australia (1899–1901)

Tasmania (1899–1901)

Victoria (1899–1901)

Western Australia (1899–1901)
Allegiance Orange Free State

 South African Republic

Cape Boers
BranchBoer Army - Boer foreign volunteers
TypeCommandos
RoleGuerilla warfare, scouting, explosives handling
Size5,400+
EngagementsSecond Boer War
Part of the Scandinavian Memorial at Magersfontein, South Africa, in honour of the some 1,400 Scandinavian volunteers who fought on the side of the Boers

Origin

Although there was much sympathy for the Boer cause outside of the British Empire, there was little overt government support as countries were not willing to upset the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. As a result, no other government actively supported the Boer cause. There were, however, individuals from several countries who volunteered and formed Foreign Volunteer Units. These volunteers primarily came from Europe, particularly the Netherlands, Germany and Sweden-Norway. Other countries such as France, Italy, Ireland (then wholly part of the United Kingdom), and restive areas of the Russian Empire, including Poland and Georgia, also formed smaller volunteer corps. Finns fought in the Scandinavian Corps.

Recruitment

The influx of foreigners into the country began simultaneously with the war, and it continued thereafter at the rate of about four hundred men a month. These volunteers would have come for a number of reasons, not necessarily because of any sympathy with the Boer cause, including soldiers-of-fortune, professional soldiers and adventurers. Some of the more famous volunteers were:

Ernest Douwes Dekker, Camillo Ricchiardi, Niko the Boer (Niko Bagrationi), Yevgeny Avgustus, Witold Ścibor-Rylski, Alexander Guchkov, Leo Pokrowsky, Major Baron von Reitzenstein, Viscount Villebois-Mareuil and the men of the two Irish commandos, the Irish Transvaal Brigade of John MacBride and John Blake, and the Second Irish Brigade of Arthur Alfred Lynch.

None of the foreigners who served in the armies of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State received any compensation. They were supplied with horses, equipment, and food from the Transvaal government, but no wages. Before a foreign volunteer was allowed to join a commando, and before he received his equipment, he was obliged to take an oath of allegiance to the Transvaal Republic. A translation of it reads:

I hereby make an oath of solemn allegiance to the people of the South African Republic, and I declare my willingness to assist, with all my power, the burghers of this Republic in the war in which they are engaged. I further promise to obey the orders of those placed in authority according to law, and that I will work for nothing but the prosperity, the welfare, and the independence of the land and people of this Republic, so truly help me, God Almighty.

Second Anglo-Boer War

At the time of the war, the Boers did not have the resources to record statistics about their forces. The statistics available were mainly collected by foreigners and by the testimony of the commanders. Table of foreign volunteers in the Second Anglo-Boer War[1]

Number Nationality
4,000[lower-alpha 1]Dutch
230-300Scandinavians [2]
550Germans
400French
300Irish Americans
225Polish
200Italians
1200Irish [3]
200+Russian-speaking[4]
unknownGreeks
unknownAustralians
7,400+Known total*

In the early stages of the war the majority of the foreign volunteers were obliged to join a Boer commando. Later they formed their own foreign legions with a high degree of independence, including the: Scandinavian Corps (Skandinaviens Korps), Italian Volunteer Legion, two Irish Brigades, German Corps (Deutsches Korps), Dutch Corps, Legion of France, American Scouts and Russian Scouts.

Foreign volunteer units

Hollander Corps

Dutch volunteers established the Hollander Corps in the South African Republic. A number of Belgians, under the chairmanship of Dr G.M.A. Heymans, also joined the unit in September 1899. Volunteers included Herman Coster, who became a celebrated figure in the Netherlands after his death in the war; Cornelis Vincent 'Cor' van Gogh, the brother of the artist Vincent van Gogh; and Willem Frederik Mondriaan, the brother of the artist Piet Mondrian.[5] The Hollander Corps was involved at the Battle of Elandslaagte in October 1899. After that defeat, the Hollander Corps was disbanded and merged into other Boer units. A group calling themselves the Second Hollander Corps was founded in 1900 and joined the forces of the Orange Free State.[6] The Dutch Corps Monument was erected by the citizens of the Netherlands in memory of their countrymen who died in the Battle of Elandslaagte.

Scandinavian Corps

The Scandinavian Corps were led by Christer Uggla.

The Scandinavian Corps was a military unit founded by the railway engineer Christer Uggla at the outbreak of the Second Boer War in 1899, and was part of the Army of the Transvaal Boer Republic. The Corps consisted of 114 men, including officers, of which 46 from Sweden, 13 from Norway, 24 from Denmark, 18 from Finland, 7 from Germany, 4 from The Netherlands, 1 from Russia, and 1 from Italy. Of the soldiers, none were professionals, but many were seamen. To the Corps was attached an ambulance unit consisting of 4 men and 4 women, led by the physician Wilhelm Biedenkap from Oslo.

The Corps was commanded by Captain Johannes Flygare (a Swede from Natal) and the lieutenants Erik Stålberg (from Delsbo in Sweden) and William Baerentsen (from Copenhagen). Of these only Stålberg had any military background.

The Corps partook in the siege of Mafeking in October and November as well as in the battle of Magersfontein 10–11 December 1899, where it suffered heavy losses, as it faced several Scottish elite regiments from the Highland Brigade, and was immensely outnumbered. The Boer soldiers were entrenched and inflicted a severe defeat upon the advancing British troops; the Scandinavians however were positioned around 1500 meters in front of the main line. The fallen were buried on site, and several monuments were erected there. One reads "De kunde icke vika, blott falla kunde de. (They could not fold, only fall they could)". Those Scandinavians who were taken prisoners were brought through the naval base Simonstown to Ceylon or to the prison island Saint Helena. After the battle the Corps was supplied with 20 men, and the Dane Jens Friis was appointed Captain and commander. The Corps was part of the Boer forces under General Piet Cronje who surrendered at Paardeberg in February 1900.

The Boer General Cronje reported after the victory in the battle at Magersfontein: "Next to God the (Boer) Republics have the Scandinavian Corps to thank for the victory".

German Corps

Adolf Schiel led the German Corps and was one of the Boer leaders at the Battle of Elandslaagte. Schiel was wounded at the battle and taken as a prisoner of war.

Legion of France
Further information: Battle of Boshof

However, the free rein given to the foreign legions was eventually curtailed after George Henri Anne-Marie Victor de Villebois-Mareuil and his small band of Frenchmen met with disaster at Boshof, and thereafter all the foreigners were placed under the direct command of General De la Rey.

American Scouts

The American Scouts were led by John Hassell.

Italian Volunteer Legion

The Italian Volunteer Legion of Camillo Ricchiardi[7] carried out the capture of an armoured train near Chieveley, Natal. Among the passengers who were taken prisoner was the young journalist Winston Churchill, whose life Ricchiardi spared by pretending not to see him dumping his pistol and dum-dum ammunition which had been declared unlawful on pain of death.[8]

Irish Transvaal Brigade
Further information: Irish commandos § Irish_Transvaal_Brigade

Irish support for the Boers can be traced back to 1877 when several Irish parliamentarians, such as Charles Stewart Parnell, opposed laws to annex the South African Republic under British rule. Although the annexation was successful, many Irishmen continued to show support for the Boers during the First Anglo-Boer War; especially in 1881 following the British defeat at the Battle of Majuba Hill where an Irishman Alfred Aylward served as an adviser to the Boer General Piet Joubert during the battle. When rumours of a second war with the Boers began to surface, protesters led by James Connolly took to the streets in Dublin in August 1899 and public meetings were held across Ireland in support of the Boers. Several weeks later in Dublin a crowd of nearly twenty thousand marched in protests against the planned invasion of the South African Republic.[3]

The Irish Transvaal Brigade was established days before the outbreak of the 2nd Anglo-Boer war and initially consisted of Irishmen who worked in the Witwatersrand. These volunteers were given full citizenship and became Burghers of the Boer republics. Under the leadership of John Macbride, the brigade was strengthened by volunteers travelling from Ireland via Delagoa Bay into South Africa.[3]

Second Irish Brigade
Further information: Irish commandos § Second_commando

The Second Irish Brigade was formed in January 1900 by former members of the Irish Transvaal Brigade. Former Le Journal correspondent Arthur Lynch was appointed as the unit's commander. The brigade consisted of 150 commandos from a variety of ethnic backgrounds. Including among others Irish, Australian, Greek, German, Boer and Italian members.[9]

Polish volunteers

It is difficult to find out what was the number of Polish volunteers during the Second Boer War because Poles were treated in official censuses as Austrians, Germans and Russians, They were also limited by a considerable distance, and hence long and high travel costs.

The Boers received support from some of the great powers who were anxiously watching the process of enlarging the British empire. The Polish society showed great sympathy for the Boers, they wanted to help in the fight against the British empire and from the beginning Poles actively participated in collecting funds for wounded Boers, widows and orphans after the fallen.

Robert Jutrzenka and Ludwik Zalewski (they are sitting) as soldiers of the German corps during the siege of Kimberley by the Boers in 1899

Newspapers wrote about Boers accomplishments in battles and stressed their peaceful attitude, diligence and deep religiosity. All spheres of society sincerely wished victory for Boers. Carnival costumes stylized as uniforms of Boer generals were very popular at carnival balls. Numerous shop windows feature portraits of Boer leaders, demand for these lithographs was so high that supposedly people who imported these portraits from abroad at the earliest, achieved considerable profits when selling them. Because of the pro-Boer mood of Polish people, one of the Warsaw hotels at 17 Zielna St. was given the name "Pretoria".[10]

Germany and Russia supported the Boers, supplying them with weapons, as well as sending military missions and medical assistance to the Boers republics. Among this crowd of people there were Poles. Many came individually to defend a nation that found itself in a similar position to Poland. One can also include to this, immigrants who came to South Africa just before the start of the war, while others appeared as part of projects organized by Germany and Russia. Polish names appear in the lists of German volunteers fighting in the unit they formed (deutsch-burischen Freikorps). Among about 800 known German volunteers about 30 had Polish-sounding surnames. More is known about two of them. Robert Jutrzenka and Ludwik Zalewski arrived in the South African Republic a few years before the start of the Second Boer War and took an active part in the armed clash in 1895 during Jameson Raid.

Other volunteers came as subjects of the Russian Tsar. Among them were two lieutenants Leo Pokrowsky and Eugeniusz Augustus. Both for the time of their stay in South Africa they were transferred to the reserve in December 1899. So they were not there as soldiers on duty. However, they were sent by their superiors to be together with other Russian officers to study the combat methods used by Boers and the British. Leo Pokrowsky remained in Africa, joining the Boer troops conducting a partisan war. His last reportage is dated April 1, 1900. Later he devoted himself to fighting for the Boers' cause, which caused the dissatisfaction of the superiors. He was so impressed by the Boers' courage that he made their case his own. His comrades stated that "he had the goodness and progress of the Boers closer to the heart than many Boers."

Russian volunteers

One of the countries where enthusiasm for the Boer cause was the greatest was Russia, where the war was extensively covered by the Russian media and numerous books, articles, plays, pamphlets and poems were published about the war, usually with a pronounced pro-Boer slant.[11] One Russian writer complained: "Wherever you go these days you hear the same story – the Boers, the Boers and only the Boers".[11] The national anthem of the Transvaal Transvaal, Transvaal, My Country was frequently played by Russian orchestras, numerous committees were founded to collect money for the Transvaal, and church services offered up prayers for a British defeat.[11] In countless newspaper serials and novels, the men of the kommandos were portrayed as heroes battling the arrogant British.[11] Such was the popular enthusiasm that inns, restaurants, and cafés were given Afrikaans names and redecorated in the "Boer style" to improve business.[11] The works of the novelist Olive Schreiner were frequently translated into Russian as her books become very popular after she condemned the British.[11] The novelist Leo Tolstoy wrote in his diary: "You know what point I’ve reached? Opening a paper every morning I passionately wish to read that the Boers have beaten the British...I should not rejoice at the victories of the Boers or grieve about their defeats, after all they kill the English soldiers too...I am glad when I read about the defeats of the British, it cheers my soul."[11] The Emperor Nicholas II wrote to his sister: "I am wholly preoccupied with the war between England and the Transvaal. Every day I read the news in the British newspapers from the first to the last line...I cannot conceal my joy at...yesterday’s news that during General White’s sally two full British battalions and a mountain battery were captured by the Boers!"[11] As Britain was Russia's principle antagonist in the 19th century, many Russians naturally sympathised with the Boers."[11]

Yevgeny Maximov on his return from the Anglo-Boer War dressed in the uniform of a Transvaal general

The British historian R.W. Johnson wrote: "Russian conservatives were pro-Boer not only for the usual nationalist, anti-British reasons but because they thought the Boers were like the best sort of Russians – conservative, rural, Christian folk resisting the invasion of their land by foreign (especially Jewish) capitalists."[11] One conservative Moscow newspaper in an editorial stated: "The deep historical meaning of this war is that faith, patriotism . . . the patriarchal family, primordial tribal unity, iron discipline and the complete lack of so-called modern civilisation have . . . become such an invincible force that even the seemingly invincible British have begun to tremble."[11] The Georgian Prince Niko Bagration was in Paris when the war began in October 1899 and despite never having heard of the Transvaal before, recalled thinking "but it felt very much like my motherland and I felt I must protect it."[11] Prince Bagration was greeted in Pretoria by President Paul Kruger of the Transvaal.[11] Yevgeny Maximov, a former officer in the Imperial Russian Army whose career had ended in disgrace after he attempted suicide, volunteered to fight for the Transvaal, in an attempt to extirpate his disgrace.[11] Johnson called Maximov a tragic figure as his dishonorable discharge from the Russian Army owing to his suicide attempt marked him out as a man whose honor could never be redeemed, leading Maximov to volunteer in successive wars in attempts to prove his courage to the world and restore his lost honor.[11] Maximov had previously fought with the Serbs against the Ottomans in 1876-78 and with the Ethiopians against the Italians in 1895-96.[11] Maximov, an excellent horseman and marksman became renowned with the Boers due to his bravery under fire, and was thanked by Kruger in a telegram after the war for showing outstanding courage in combat.[11] Kruger believed that Maximov was representing Nicholas and took him into his confidence, believing that Maximov had the power to make Russia intervene in the war.[11] Some of the Russian volunteers were men of the left like Prince Mikhail Yengalychev, Ivan Zabolotny and Alexander Essen with the latter becoming a Bolshevik who ended his career as the deputy chairman of the Russian State Planning Committee in the 1920s.[11] The leftist Russians volunteered for the Transvaal because it was seen as standing up to British imperialism.[11]

However, through several hundred Russians who did make their way to fight for the Transvaal, upon arriving they were often shocked by the corruption of the Transvaal government, its state of disorganization, and the casual brutality of the Afrikaners towards blacks.[11] One Russian volunteer, Yevgeny Augustus, wrote that the Transvaal had become "a paradise for adventurers and rogues of all kinds" as thousands of men from all over the world, many of them disreputable, arrived in the Transvaal to fight in the war.[11] The majority of the Russians who fought for the Transvaal were Russian Jews who come before the war to take advantage of the booming economic conditions caused by the Witwatersrand Gold Rush.[11] The largest Jewish population in the Russian Empire was the "Pale of Settlement" which consisted of what is now modern central and eastern Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Belarus, western and central Ukraine and Moldova, so most the "Russian" Jews in the Transvaal did not come from what is now modern Russia. Many of the Russian volunteers who arrived after the war started were antisemitic and refused to serve alongside the Jews already living in the Transvaal who volunteered to fight for their adopted country, leading to the two groups being segregated.[11] Benzion Aaron, a Russian Jewish financier living in Johannesburg who was a friend of President Kruger founded the Jewish Ambulance Corps to take care of the wounded.[11] Two Russian Jewish volunteers, Josef Segal and Wolf Jacobson were renowned for their skills as scouts.[11]

Greek volunteers

Quite a few Greeks have joined as foreign volunteers to the Boers.

Australian volunteers

While the vast majority of people from British Empire countries fought with the British Army, a few Australians fought on the Boer side.[12] The most famous of these was Colonel Arthur Lynch,[13] formerly of Ballarat,[14] who raised the Second Irish Brigade.[lower-alpha 2] Lynch, charged with treason was sentenced to death, by the British, for his service with the Boers. After mass petitioning and intervention by King Edward VII, he was released a year later and pardoned in 1907.

Notable foreign volunteers

Notes
  1. Speech by the South African ambassador in The Hague on the 31st of May 1938, during the Dutch Remembrance of the Dead-Day of the Second Boer War. In the Netherlands, there was a special Remembrance Day between 1910 and 1939. This Remembrance Day was held on the 31st of May and was in honour of the Boer/Afrikaner and Dutch dead of the Second Boer War.
  2. Lynch is a character in a Boer War novel, Antony O'Brien, Bye-Bye Dolly Gray (2006).
gollark: I mean, not that specific one, but in general it's possible.
gollark: Yes you can.
gollark: It's basically where you can only remember things for 2 seconds.
gollark: It would probably be more efficient to dig at Y 40 or so, but I don't know if it supports that.
gollark: Also, do you not... deface the world... by stripping entire deserts of gravel and sand?

References
  1. Hillegas, Howard C. (1900). "Chapter IX - Foreigners in the War". With the Boer Forces. London: Methuen & Co. p. 257.
  2. https://www.angloboerwar.com/unit-information/boer-units/179-foreign-vols/1955-scandinavian-vols
  3. http://www.fak.org.za/2016/05/24/ierland-en-die-boere-1880-tot-1935/
  4. Avgustus, Yevgeny (2016). A Russian Fighting for the Boer Cause. Johannesburg: South African Military History Society. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-620-70253-9.
  5. Kuitenbrouwer, Vincent (2017). "The Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902". In Gosselink, Martine; Holtrop, Maria; Ross, Robert (eds.). Good Hope: South Africa and the Netherlands from 1600. Amsterdam: Uitgeverij van Tilt. pp. 233–250.
  6. https://www.artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/style_det.php?styleid=980
  7. Page of the South African Military History Society on the Italian participation in the Anglo-Boer War
  8. Short biography of Riccardi with details of Churchill's capture (in Italian and English)
  9. "Davitt: Chapter XXVI - Blake's Irish Brigade". Retrieved 12 September 2014.
  10. "Long Distance Solidarity: Polish Public Opinion and the Boer War 1899-1902" (PDF).
  11. Johnson, R.W. (16 July 1998). "Rogue's Paradise". London Review of Books. Retrieved 2018-11-12.
  12. Boer War
  13. Craig Wilcox, (2002) Australia's Boer War, pp. 263–266. (a critical exposé of Lynch's activities)
  14. R.L. Wallace, Australians at the Boer War (1976) pp. 381–383, (a summary of Lynch's exploits in the Boer War)
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