Blue Lake (South Australia)

The Blue Lake is a large, monomictic, crater lake located in a dormant volcanic maar associated with the Mount Gambier maar complex. The lake is situated near Mount Gambier in the Limestone Coast region of South Australia, and is one of four crater lakes on Mount Gambier maar. Of the four lakes, only two remain, as the other two (Leg of Mutton and Brown) have dried up over the past 30 to 40 years as the water table has dropped.

Not to be confused with Little Blue Lake.

Blue Lake
Panorama of the Blue Lake in late December
Blue Lake Location in South Australia
Location	Mount Gambier, South Australia
Coordinates	37°50′48″S 140°46′41″E
Type	Monomictic crater lake
Basin countries	Australia
Max. length	1,087 m (3,566 ft)
Max. width	657 m (2,156 ft)
Surface area	70 ha (170 acres)
Average depth	72 m (236 ft)
Max. depth	77 m (253 ft)
Water volume	None
Residence time	3.45 years
Shore length^1	None
Surface elevation	Approx. 20 m (66 ft)
Islands	None
Settlements	None
^1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure.

Conflicting dates have been estimated for its last eruption, of 4,300 years ago,[1] of 28,000 years ago,[2] and most recently, a little before 6,000 years ago.[2][3] If the youngest date is correct, this could be the most recent volcanic eruption on the Australian mainland.

Blue Lake is thought to be of an average depth of 72 m (236 ft), but in places reaches 75 m (246 ft) deep (but some unconfirmed values mention a 204 m (669 ft) maximum depth due to a natural cave section). The crater rim measures 1,200 by 824 m (3,937 by 2,703 ft), but the lake itself measures 1,087 by 657 m (3,566 by 2,156 ft). The bottom of the lake is 17 m (56 ft) below the level of the main street of the nearby town. The Blue Lake supplies the town with drinking water.

Studies

Bathymetric surveys located the deepest point in the lake at 77 m (253 ft) in 1967.[4] Major diving exploration of the lake first occurred in 1985. Cave diver Peter Horne conducted temperature and visibility studies and made discoveries of a freshwater sponge species and other invertebrates.[4] This exploration also discovered the Stromatolite Field, a collection of hollow rock formations that are found along the north-eastern perimeter down to a depth of 40 m (130 ft).[4] In 2008, permission was granted by SA Water for another diving exploration of the central and deepest parts of the lake.[4] On this dive, core samples from the calcite-silt covered lake bed were collected where water temperature drops to 14 °C (57 °F).

Annual colour change

During December to March, the lake turns to a vibrant cobalt blue colour, returning to a colder steel grey colour for April to November. The exact cause of this phenomenon is still a matter of conjecture, but likely it involves the warming of the surface layers of the lake during the summer to around 20 °C (68 °F), causing calcium carbonate to precipitate out of the solution and enabling microcrystallites of calcium carbonate to form. This results in scatter of the blue wavelengths of sunlight. During winter, the lake becomes well mixed, and recent research indicates that during this phase of the colour cycle, the lake is somewhat murkier due to the redistribution of tannins and calcium carbonate particles throughout the lake. Solar elevation has also been found to influence the perceived colour of the lake. The movement of planktonic life forms within the lake during the seasons and during the day may additionally play a part in the colour change.

Gordon's Leap

In July 1865, Adam Lindsay Gordon performed the daring riding feat known as Gordon's Leap on the edge of the Blue Lake. A commemorative obelisk erected there has an inscription which reads:[5]

This obelisk was erected as a memorial to the famous Australian poet. From near this spot in July, 1865, Gordon made his famed leap on horseback over an old post and rail guard fence onto a narrow ledge overlooking the Blue Lake and jumped back again onto the roadway. The foundation stone of the Gordon Memorial Obelisk was laid on 8th July 1887

Gallery

• 
  The Blue Lake in early March
• 
  The Blue Lake in early March
• 
  The Blue Lake in early March
• 
  About 4 m (13 ft) above the lake's surface
• 
  The lake in early March with the original pumping station in the foreground
• 
  The Adam Lindsay Gordon obelisk at the Blue Lake

See also

• List of lakes of South Australia

References

1. "Volcanoes & Earthquakes in SE Australia". University of Western Australia. Archived from the original on 10 May 2008. Retrieved 7 May 2008.
2. Grimes, Ken (2013). "The Ages of Our Volcanoes" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
3. Gouramanis, Chris; Wilkins, Daniel; De Deckker, Patrick (2010). "6000 years of environmental changes recorded in Blue Lake, South Australia, based on ostracod ecology and valve chemistry". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 297: 223. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.08.005.
4. Harris, Richard (July–September 2008). "The big blue". Australian Geographic. 91: 34.
5. "Traditional Featured Poet – Adam Lindsay Gordon". Bush Song Newsletter. Archived from the original on 19 August 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2011.

Further reading

• Emeny, J., Turner, G., Turoczy, N.J. and Stagnitti, F. (2006) The influence of weather and solar elevation on perceived colour of Blue Lake, Mount Gambier, South Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. 130(1) 101–108.
• Horne, P. (1985) Report on an exploratory study of the underwater environment and biology of the Blue Lake, Mount Gambier, South Australia 21–25 January 1985 (ISBN 1 86252 605 2) and subsequent study reports July 1985, 1987, 1989, 1991 and 2008 – available online at https://sites.google.com/site/cdiverepts/.
• Sheard, M.J. (1978) Geological History of the Mount Gambier Volcanic Complex, Southeast South Australia. Transcript from Royal Society of South Australia 102(5), Aug. 1978.
• Telfer, A. (2000) Identification of processes regulating the colour and colour change in an oligotrophic, hardwater, groundwater-fed lake, Blue Lake, Mount Gambier, South Australia. Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management. 5 161–176.
• Turoczy, N.J. (2002) Calcium chemistry of Blue Lake, Mt Gambier, Australia, and relevance to remarkable seasonal colour changes. Archiv für Hydrobiologia. 156 (1) 1–9.

External links

• Blue Lake, Natural Resources South East