Big-scale sand smelt

The big-scale sand smelt (Atherina boyeri) is a species of fish in the family Atherinidae. It is a euryhaline amphidromous fish, up to 20 cm in length.

Big-scale sand smelt
Big-scale sand smelt from the offshore of Sardinia, Italy

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Atheriniformes
Family: Atherinidae
Genus: Atherina
Species:
A. boyeri
Binomial name
Atherina boyeri
A. Risso, 1810
Synonyms[2]
  • Atherina anterina Nardo, 1847
  • Atherina mochon Cuvier, 1829
  • Hepsetia mochon (Cuvier, 1829)
  • Atherina caspia Eichwald, 1831
  • Atherina pontica Eichwald, 1831
  • Atherina risso Valenciennes, 1835
  • Atherina sarda Valenciennes, 1835
  • Atherina lacustris Bonaparte, 1836
  • Atherina anterina Nardo, 1847
  • Atherina rissoi Günther, 1861
  • Atherina hyalosoma Cocco, 1885
  • Atherina riqueti Roule, 1902
  • Atherina sardinella Fowler, 1903
  • Atherina bonapartii Boulenger, 1907

Description

It is a small pelagic fish species which occurs near the surface in the littoral estuarine zone: in lagoons, salt marshes (77 psu), shallow brackish areas (2 psu) and inland waters which are rather unsuitable for other fish species, due to their high ionic strength and salinity.

Body is rather long, slender, moderately flattened. Eyes are large. Head and body are scaly. Mouth is protractible, upwardly directed, with small teeth. Lower jaw has an upper expansion within mouth (high dentary bone). There are two separate dorsal fins, with all rays of first and 1-2 anterior rays of second dorsal fin being unsegmented. The anal fin is similar to the second dorsal fin, while the caudal fin is forked. The first dorsal fin has 6-10 flexible spines.[3]

It is an omnivorous species feeding on zoo-plankton and small bottom-living animals (crustacean gammarids, polychaete worms and molluscs).

Range
Atherina boyeri from the Gulf of Odessa, Black Sea, Ukraine

It is found in the eastern Atlantic from Portugal and Spain to Nouadhibou (Mauritania) and Madeira.[4] Also it occurs in the Mediterranean, including the inshore lagoons, such as Trasimeno and Lesina[5] in Italy, Hyères in the southern France such as Marseille and Lake Qarun in Egypt;[6] an isolated population is found near the coasts of England and the Netherlands. In the Black Sea, it is widespread along all coasts, in lagoons and estuaries, in the downstreams of rivers Danube, Dniester, Southern Bug, Inhulets, and Dnieper, with a permanent population is in the Kakhovka Reservoir.[7]

The isolated population in the Caspian Sea is characterised as subspecies A. b. caspia (Eichwald, 1838).

Fishing

The major small-scale fishing gears exploiting this species are coastal beach seines, small mesh size (10 mm) gill nets and lift-nets. It is often used as bait fish on small and medium longlines, handlines, fishing using rods and reels, as trolling bait, even as bait in fish traps.

Gastronomy

This small fish is appreciated in the Spanish, French, Turkish, and Greek cuisines. The fish are lightly powdered with wheat flour before being fried in hot olive oil.

Etymology

The specific name of this species honours the Medieval poet and scientist Guillaume Boyer who was a native of Nice, the type locality for this species.[8]

gollark: Isn't that just something something anthropic principle?
gollark: I ignore it because it is untestable and should probably not reasonably affect my behaviour.
gollark: It contains a bunch of integration code which is glued together into one process for convenience.
gollark: Perhaps ultimately. It's not exactly just one python script but that's the particularly accursed and custom bit.
gollark: I wonder if there's anything conveniently personal-scale I could apply this sort of thing to without having to release it anywhere but my accursed all-managing python script.

References
  1. Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M. (2008). "Atherina boyeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T2352A9434124. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T2352A9434124.en.
  2. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2019). "Atherina boyeri" in FishBase. February 2019 version.
  3. Review of Croatian selected scientific literature on species mostly exploited by the national small-scale fisheries on FAOAdriaMed.org
  4. Atherina boyeri at FishBase
  5. Manzo, Cristina; Fabbrocini, Adele; Roselli, Leonilde; D’Adamo, Raffaele (2016). "Characterization of the fish assemblage in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon: Lesina Lagoon (central Adriatic Sea)". Regional Studies in Marine Science. 8: 192–200. doi:10.1016/j.rsma.2016.04.003.
  6. Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean, Vol. 3., (Eds.:) Whitehead P.J.P., Bauchot M.-L., Hureau J.-C., Nielsen J., Tortonese E., Paris, UNESCO, 1986.
  7. Movchan Yu.V. (1988) True loaches, catfishes, canal catfishes, freshwater eels, congers, needlefishes, cods, sticklebacks, syngnathids, mosquitofishes, zeids, barracudas, grey mullets, old world silversides, cusk eels [in:] Fauna of Ukraine, Vol. 8, No 3, Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 399 pp. (in Russian).
  8. Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara (1 January 2019). "Order ATHERINIFORMES: Families ATHERINOPSIDAE, ATHERINIDAE and ATHERIONIDAE". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 16 July 2019.


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