Ben Enwonwu

Odinigwe Benedict Chukwukadibia Enwonwu MBE (14 July 1917 – 5 February 1994), better known as Ben Enwonwu, was a Nigerian painter and sculptor.[1] Arguably the most influential African artist of the 20th century, his pioneering career opened the way for the postcolonial proliferation and increased visibility of modern African art. He was one of the first African artists to win critical acclaim, having exhibited in august exhibition spaces in Europe and the United States and listed in international directories of contemporary art. Since 1950, Enwonwu was celebrated as "Africa's Greatest Artist" by the international media[2] and his fame was used to enlist support for Black Nationalists movement all over the world. The Enwonwu crater on the planet Mercury is named in his honour.[3]

Ben Enwonwu
Born	Odinigwe Benedict Chukwukadibia Enwonwu 14 July 1917 (1917-07-14) Onitsha, Anambra, Nigeria
Died	5 February 1994(1994-02-05) (aged 76) Ikoyi, Lagos, Nigeria
Nationality	Nigerian
Education	Goldsmiths College, Government College, Slade School of Fine Arts, & University College
Known for	Painter and sculptor
Movement	Modern African art
Awards	Shell Petroleum Scholarship, Nigerian National Merit Award, Commonwealth Certificate in London, Bennett Prize, Officer of the National Order of the Republic in Senegal, and Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire

Biography

Early life

Ben Enwonwu was born a twin on 14 July 1917 into the noble family of Umueze-Aroli in Onitsha, Nigeria. His father, Omenka Odigwe Emeka Enwonwu, was a technician who worked with the Royal Niger Company. He was also a member of the Onitsha Council of Chiefs and a traditional sculptor of repute, who created staffs of office, stools, decorative doors and religious images.[4] His mother, Chinyelugo Iyom Nweze was a successful cloth merchant.

Upon his father's death in 1921, Enwonwu inherited his tools, going on to perfect the art of carving in the style of indigenous Igbo sculpture, begun earlier with his father, who first nurtured his precocious talent.

Education

Between 1921 and 1931, Enwonwu attended 5 primary schools; St. Joseph's Elementary School, Onitsha (1926–1928); St, Theresa's Elementary School, Umuahia (1928–1929); St. Mary's Primary School, Port Harcourt (1929–1930); Holy Trinity Primary; and St. Mary's Primary School, both in Onitsha (1930–1931). In 1933, Enwonwu attended St. Patrick's School, Ibusa and later enrolled at the Government College, Ibadan, completing his secondary education at Government College Umuahia in 1937. At both colleges, he studied fine art under Kenneth C. Murray. Murray was an education officer in charge of art education in the colonial civil service and later director of antiquities.[5] During their time together, Enwonwu became Murray's assistant and was recognised as one of the most gifted and technically proficient students of the “Murray Group” (Ben C. Enwonwu, C.C. Ibeto, D.L. Nnachy, and A.P. Umana). The period of study under Murray marked the beginning of Enwonwu's formal education in art.[6] In 1944, under a joint Shell Petroleum Company and British Council scholarship, he attended the prestigious Slade School of Fine Art, University College, London and in 1945, the Ruskin School, Ashmolean, Oxford University where the Slade had been relocated during World War II. In 1947, he received a first class diploma in fine art from the Slade and registered for postgraduate work in anthropology (with a focus on West African ethnography) at the University of London. In 1948, Enwonwu completed his studies.[7]

Nkiru Nzegwu states that the racist atmosphere he encountered during his stay in England sparked his interest in entering this program. Anthropology offered a space for the scientific study of the races, their physical and mental characteristics, customs, and social relationships.In 1937, Murray exhibited Enwonwu's work at the Zwemmer Gallery in London [6][8] In 1969, he received an honorary doctorate degree from Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.[4]

Career

After working with Murray for many years, he was hired as a teacher at the Government College of Umuahia. According to Sylvester Ogbechie, author of Ben Enwonwu: The Making of an African Modernist, Murray was displeased with the university's choice to provide Enwonwu with the same salary as the other seasoned teachers. This created a rift between both men. Eventually Murray left Government College and Enwonwu replaced him as art teacher.[7] He continued his work as an art teacher in other various schools, including mission school in Calabar Province (1940–41), and Edo College, Benin City (1941–43). He was art adviser to the Nigerian government from 1948. During the years following 1950, he toured and lectured in the United States, and executed many commissions as a freelance artist. From 1949 to 1954, In 1951, he met with the founding members Lagos auxiliary to the Anti Slavery and Aborigines Right Society which was at that time headed by Candido Da Rocha, and had James Johnson, Samuel Pearse, and Sapara Williams as members.[9] and became their official art illustrator. Enwonwu held many art exhibitions within London, Lagos, Milan, New York City, Washington D.C., and Boston. During her visit to Nigeria in 1956, Queen Elizabeth II commissioned and sat for a portrait sculpture by the artist. During the Royal Society of British Artists exhibition in London of 1957, he unveiled the bronze sculpture.[7] In 1959, Enwonwu was appointed Supervisor in the Information Service Department office in Nigeria.[4] He was a fellow of Lagos University, Lagos (1966–68), cultural advisor to the Nigeria government (1968–71), and visiting artist at the Institute of African Studies at Howard University, Washington, DC, in 1971.[2] He was appointed the first professor of Fine Arts at the University of Ife, Ile-Ife, from 1971 to 1975. He was also art consultant to the International Secretariat, Second World Black and African Festival of Arts and Culture (FESTAC) in Lagos of 1977.

He executed portraits of Nigerians as private commissions, and illustrated Amos Tutuola’s The Brave African Huntress. He maintained a studio in London and was a Fellow of the Royal Anthropological Institute, London, and a member of Royal Academy of Arts, London.

Impact on the modern art world

During his time, Enwonwu was well regarded as an artist; his art is described as a "unique form of African modernism". Ogbechie describes his art as "[the opening up of] third space in art history whose nature and parameters are at variance with art history's exclusionary narratives of modernity and its inscription of the modern artist-subject as a white, Western European male”.[4] Recognition of his bronze sculpture of the Queen proved that he, as an African modern artist, used his practice to develop a new kind of modern art whose ideals of representation and notions of artistic identity were different from conventional art-historical narrative of European modernist practice.[7]

A portrait of the Ife princess Adetutu Ademiluyi (Tutu), painted by Enwonwu in 1973 and missing since 1975, was rediscovered in 2017 in a London flat.[10][11] It was sold for £1,205,000 in an auction held by Bonhams.[12] The portrait of Tutu, one of the three made by the painter, is a Nigerian national icon and considered a reconciliation symbol between the government and Biafran separatists after the civil war.[11]

A painting by Enwonwu, titled "Owo Market" and showing a marketplace scene in the Nigerian city of Owo, and dated 1949, was restored on the BBC programme The Repair Shop, broadcast on 7 August 2019. The painting's owner had known Enwonwu, and described him as a lovely man always with a flower in his lapel.[13]

Notable works

1951 – Portrait of Chief Candido Joao Da Rocha which was exhibited during FESTAC LAGOS 1977
1956 – Bronze sculpture of Queen Elizabeth II
1964 – Sango: the Yoruba god of lightning and thunder
1967 - Ogbanje which is currently exhibited at Yemisi Shyllon Museum of Art. You can find more of Ben Enwonwu's works displayed there
1971 – Christine: Sold in 2019 for $1.4 million.[14]
1973 – Tutu
1986 – Risen Christ: was displayed University of Ibadan but was torched as a result of a political-religious tensions.
Enwonwu's work is displayed in the National Gallery of Modern Art, Lagos.[15] His works can also be viewed at the Virtual Museum of Modern Nigerian Art.

Awards

1944 - Shell Petroleum Scholarship: to study in the United Kingdom
1954- National Merit Award: for academic and intellectual attainment in Nigeria
1958 - Commonwealth Certificate in London: for contributions to art by the Royal Institute of Art
1958 - Member of the Order of the British Empire
1971 - Officer of the National Order of the Republic in Senegal
1980 - National Order of Merit in Nigeria: for contributions to art in Nigeria

See also

• List of Igbo people

References

1. "The painter who 'Africanised Queen Elizabeth'". 17 October 2019 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
2. Chuks Iloegbunam, "Independent expressions: Ben Enwonwu", The Guardian, 4 March 1994.
3. "Enwonwu: A Young Crater on Mercury Named for an African Modernist Artist". NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington. 3 February 2009. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
4. "Enwonwu's Legacy". The Ben Enwonwu Foundation. BEF Foundation. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
5. Estrada, Andrea. "Art Historian Publishes Monograph on Ben Enwonwu". 93106.
6. Ogbechie, Sylvester (2008). Ben Enwonwu: The Making of an African Modernist. New York: University Rochester Press. p. 38.
7. Ogbechie, Sylvester (2008). Ben Enwonwu: The Making of an African Modernist. New York: University Rochester Press.
8. Nzegwu, Nkiru (1998). "The Africanized Queen: Metonymic Site of Transformation" (PDF). African Studies Quarterly. 1 (4).
9. Nigerian Chronicle. (1910/09/02). The Nigerian Chronicle, 'News of the Week', P.2. Accessed from (NewsBank/Readex, Database: World Newspaper Archive
10. Brown, Mark (6 February 2018). "Tutu's return: missing Nigerian masterpiece found in London flat". the Guardian. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
11. "Decades after it went missing, Nigerian masterpiece is found in London apartment". CBC Radio. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
12. Chutel, Lynsey. "The long lost painting known as Africa's Mona Lisa has sold for a record price". Quartz. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
13. The Repair Shop - 60 Min Versions: Episode 8. 7 August 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
14. "Ben Enwonwu: The Nigerian painter behind 'Africa's Mona Lisa'". BBC News. 17 October 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
15. "NATIONAL GALLERY OF MODERN ART (NGMA), LAGOS". National Gallery of Art. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2011.

External links

• Andrea Estrada, "Art Historian Publishes Monograph on Ben Enwonwu", 93106, Vol. 19, No. 11, 23 February 2009, University of California, Santa Barbara.