Belenois java

Belenois java, the caper white or common white,[3] is a small butterfly of the family Pieridae found in Australia, Indonesia, and Melanesia.[4] It is highly migratory and is often confused with the cabbage white (Pieris rapae).[5]

"Common white" redirects here. For the moth with a similar common name, see Common white wave.

Caper white
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Pieridae
Genus:	Belenois
Species:	B. java
Binomial name
Belenois java (Sparrman, 1768)[1]
Subspecies
B. j. java (Indonesia) B. j. savuana (Savu) B. j. teutonia (Australia) B. j. ina (Indonesia) B. j. peristhene (Melanesia) B. j. picata (Melanesia) B. j. micronesia (Fiji)[2]
Synonyms
Papilio java Linnaeus, 1768 Papilio coronea Cramer, [1775] Papilio clytie Donovan, 1805 Papilio deiopea Donovan, 1805 Pieris niseia MacLeay, [1826] Belenois java ab. magniplaga Fruhstorfer, 1898 Anaphaeis nigrita Joicey & Talbot, 1928 Papilio teutonia Fabricius, 1775 Belenois teutonia anita Fruhstorfer, 1903 Pieris peristhene Boisduval, 1859 Belenois picata Butler, 1882 Pieris peristhene vitiensis Fruhstorfer, 1902

Identification

Adult

The upper surface of the male's wings are white with a broad black apical patch, the hindwing has a black terminal border. On both wings the black area encloses white dots. The under surface of the hindwing is almost exclusively black except for white and yellow patches between the veins. The wingspan on the male is 5 cm whereas the female's wingspan is larger at 6 cm. The female can vary dramatically including a pale form which looks strikingly similar to the male. The upper surface of the wings is white and have a much broader black margin.[6] The body of both is olive green to dark brown.[3]

• Both sexes and both sides - Muséum de Toulouse
• 
  Male - dorsal side
• 
  Male - ventral side
• 
  Female - dorsal side
• 
  Female - ventral side

Immature

The first instar of this species is pale yellow sparsely covered in long hairs. The later instars of this species are dark brownish-green with white and yellow raised spots. The head has a V-shaped white mark and is shiny black. There are two lines of hair on the side of the caterpillar's 3-cm body in its later stages. The pupa is white with black markings and is about 2.5 cm. Eggs are small and orange.[6]

• 
  Larva and eggs
• 
  Older larva
• 
  Pupal cases
• 
  Mating adults

Life cycle

Eggs are laid in groups on the top of the host plant's leaves. The caterpillar feeds on currant bush (Apophyllum anomalum), scrub caper berry (Capparis arborea), dog caper (Capparis canescens), nipan (Capparis lasiantha), Australian native orange (Capparis mitchellii), wild orange (Capparis sepiaria), Australian native caper (Capparis spinosa) and bush orange (Capparis umbonata). Unlike other caterpillars of its size the B. java feeds on a fairly minimal amount of food, making it less of an agricultural pest than the others. The caterpillars feed for about three weeks until fully grown and pupate. They emerge around December in much of their range.[6]

References

1. "Belenois java (Sparrman, 1768) - EOL". Archived from the original on 11 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
2. "2. Belenois java ssp. teutonia (Fabricius)". Australian Insect Common Names. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (Australia). November 11, 2004. Retrieved 2008-09-20.
3. "Belenois java (Caper white, Common white butterfly) - JCU". Archived from the original on 18 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
4. Belenois, funet.fi
5. "Belenois java data sheet". Archived from the original on 2004-08-09. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
6. "Belenois java". Archived from the original on 13 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-24.