Gibbsite

Gibbsite, Al(OH)₃, is one of the mineral forms of aluminium hydroxide. It is often designated as γ-Al(OH)₃ (but sometimes as α-Al(OH)₃.[1]). It is also sometimes called hydrargillite (or hydrargyllite).

Gibbsite
Gibbsite
General
Category	Hydroxide minerals
Formula (repeating unit)	Al(OH)3
Strunz classification	4.FE.10
Crystal system	Monoclinic
Crystal class	Prismatic (2/m) (same H-M symbol)
Space group	P21/m
Identification
Mohs scale hardness	2.5-3
Specific gravity	2.35

Ball-and-stick model of the part of the crystal structure of gibbsite

Gibbsite is an important ore of aluminium in that it is one of three main phases that make up the rock bauxite.

Gibbsite has three named structural polymorphs or polytypes: bayerite (designated often as α-Al(OH)₃, but sometimes as β-Al(OH)₃), doyleite, and nordstrandite. Gibbsite and bayerite are monoclinic, whereas doyleite and nordstrandite are triclinic forms.

Structure

The structure of gibbsite is interesting and analogous to the basic structure of the micas. The basic structure forms stacked sheets of linked octahedra. Each octahedron is composed of an aluminium ion bonded to six hydroxide groups, and each hydroxide group is shared by two aluminium octahedra.[2] One third of the potential octahedral spaces are missing a central aluminium. The result is a neutral sheet: with aluminium as a +3 ion and hydroxide a –1 ion, the net cationic charge of one aluminium per six hydroxides is (+3)/6 = +1/2, and likewise the net anionic charge of one hydroxide per two aluminium atoms is (-1)/2 = -1/2. The lack of a charge on the gibbsite sheets means that there is no charge to retain ions between the sheets and act as a "glue" to keep the sheets together. The sheets are only held together by weak residual bonds and this results in a very soft easily cleaved mineral.

Gibbsite's structure is closely related to the structure of brucite, Mg(OH)₂. However the lower charge in brucite's magnesium (+2) as opposed to gibbsite's aluminium (+3) does not require that one third of the octahedrons be vacant of a central ion in order to maintain a neutral sheet. The different symmetry of gibbsite and brucite is due to the different way that the layers are stacked.

It is the gibbsite layer that in a way forms the "floor plan" for the mineral corundum, Al₂O₃. The basic structure of corundum is identical to gibbsite except the hydroxides are replaced by oxygen. Since oxygen has a charge of -2 the layers are not neutral and require that they must be bonded to other aluminiums above and below the initial layer producing the framework structure that is the structure of corundum.

Gibbsite is interesting for another reason because it is often found as a part of the structure of other minerals. The neutral aluminium hydroxide sheets are found sandwiched between silicate sheets in important clay groups: the illite, kaolinite, and montmorillonite/smectite groups. The individual aluminium hydroxide layers are identical to the individual layers of gibbsite and are referred to as the gibbsite layers.[3]

The lattice parameters for gibbsite are: a = 0.868 - 0.889 nm, b = 0.508 - 0.517 nm, c = 0.947 - 0.970 nm, α = 90°, β = 91.5 - 94.54°, γ = 90°, [4] with an interatomic spacing of 0.484 or 0.494 nm.[5]

Etymology

Gibbsite is named after George Gibbs (1776–1833), an American mineral collector.[6]

References

1. N.N. Greenwood and A. Earnshaw, "Chemistry of Elements", 2nd edition, Butterworth and Heinemann, 1997
2. Saalfeld, H.; Wedde, M. (1974). "Refinement of the crystal structure of gibbsite, Al(OH)₃" (PDF). Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie. 139: 129–135.
3. Gibbsite on Galleries.com
4. Gale, Julian D.; Rohl, Andrew L.; Milman, Victor; Warren, Michele C. (2001). "An ab Initio Study of the Structure and Properties of Aluminum Hydroxide: Gibbsite and Bayerite". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 105 (42): 10236–10242. doi:10.1021/jp011795e. ISSN 1520-6106.
5. Advances in catalysis. Amsterdam. pp. 321–325. ISBN 978-0-12-800300-8. OCLC 894277485.
6. Gibbsite Mineral Data on Webmineral.com

Further reading

• Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed., ISBN 0-471-80580-7