Battle of Zealand Point
The Battle of Zealand Point was a naval battle of the English Wars and the Gunboat War. Ships of the Danish and British navies fought off Zealand Point on 22 March 1808; the battle was a British victory.
Prelude
The Danish ship of the line HDMS Prinds Christian Frederik[1] was stationed in Kristiansand, Norway from 7 August 1807, patrolling waters between Norway and Denmark where Britain had imposed a blockade. In February 1808, Prins Christian Frederik pursued the British ship HMS Quebec into hiding. Having learned of the Danish ship, the British admiralty sent a squadron consisting of HMS Nassau (the former Danish ship-of-the-line Holsteen, taken during the Battle of Copenhagen), HMS Stately, HMS Vanguard, and two brigs, HMS Constant and HMS Kite, to secure the waters. While this was going on Prins Christian Frederik became frozen in at Fredericksværn, near Kristiansand. She therefore did not set sail for Denmark until 4 March.[2]
By the time Prins Christian Frederik reached Denmark, epidemic typhus had broken out among her crew. Ice in the Danish harbours prevented her from docking, and crew were replaced over the ice. On 17 March morale deteriorated further when news arrived that King Christian had died. She was ordered into the Great Belt (Storebælt) strait to provide cover for a crossing of a French army corps consisting of Spanish soldiers ordered by Jean Baptiste Jules Bernadotte (later King of Sweden) to attack Skåne. Having been alerted to the Danish plan, the British ships give chase. The British ships intended to outmanoeuvre, corner, and overpower Prins Christian Frederik; Captain Carl Jessen, after conferring with his officers, decided to take a stand in order to gain enough of a tactical advantage to move into familiar waters and within the protective range of the cannon at Kronborg.
On Friday 18 March 1808 the crew of HMS Stately was employed cutting passages through the sea ice from their Swedish anchorage to allow Stately and Nassau to go to sea. Their Swedish pilots were discharged the next day when the squadron, comprising the three ships-of-the-line Nassau, Stately, and Vanguard, the frigate HMS Quebec , the two sloops Falcon and HMS Lynx), and the gunbrig Constant, formed up and live bullocks were transferred from Stately to Quebec and to Lynx.[3][4] The smaller ships patrolled the northern approaches to the Great Belt and the Øresund, within sight of the squadron or separately, investigating any strange sail. Quebec and Lynx were in company late on 21 March, then parted company early on 22nd before Quebec identified Prins Christian Frederik near Sejerø.[5] Lynx, and later HMS Falcon, joined with Quebec in Sejerø Bay.
Course
In the hours before the battle Prins Christian Frederik was within sight of Quebec and Lynx. At 2 [pm] the sloop, Falcon, who recorded the signal from Quebec "Danish Line-of-battle-ship to windward", joined them and cleared for action. During the afternoon the Danish ship had reversed course and sailed northward round the reef at the west of Sjællands Odde (that long tongue of land at the northwest of Zealand), and was now headed eastward again, to the north of the land.[6] Shortly after 4 [pm] Stately and Nassau were sighted to the North East,[Note 1] and the signal, "inforced with a (signal) gun", of the presence of the enemy led to all ships making "all sail, in chace".[8]
Falcon and Nassau's logs record that at 7:50pm Prinds Christian Frederik fired the first shots when she fired her stern chasers at Nassau, the foremost of her pursuers.[7][8] By 8:05pm Nassau had drawn level and began returning broadsides, but forty minutes later she was in danger of blocking Stately's field of fire. Nassau made more sail and moved ahead out of the way as Stately entered the fray. Action continued with the two British ships-of-the-line alternating their attacks until Prinds Christian Frederik struck.[7][8] At this point Prinds Christian Frederik was aground 300 meters from the shore.[9][2]
Throughout the morning of 23 March the squadron's boats transported prisoners, and the ships' companies knotted, spliced, and ran new rigging.[7] At noon, orders were sent to set fire to Prinds Christian Frederick as soon as all the wounded had been removed.[9] The fire was set between 7:30 and 8:00pm and Prinds Christian Frederik blew up shortly before 9:00 pm.[3][4][5][7]
Stately had four men killed, and 31 officers and men wounded. Nassau lost one man killed, 17 officers and men wounded, and one man missing. Prins Christian Frederik lost 55 men killed and 88 men wounded.[9] In 1847 the Admiralty awarded the Naval General Service Medal with clasps "Stately 22 March 1808" and "Nassau 22 March 1808" to any still surviving crew members of those vessels that chose to claim them.[10]
Consequences
Prins Christian Frederik was the last of the Danish ships of the line during the Napoleonic Wars.
Notes
- These two ships had sailed westward during 22 March, having left Vanguard and the gunbrig Constant near the approaches to Øresund.[7]
References
- Record card for Prins Christian Frederik (1804)
- Danish Military History Archived 12 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine website (in Danish)
- Captain's Log of HMS Stately - National Archives, Kew, London ADM 51/1787
- Captain's Log of HMS Lynx - National Archives, Kew, London ADM 51/1767
- Captain's Log of HMS Quebec - National Archives, Kew, London ADM 51/1850
- Balsved Danish Naval History
- Captain's Log of HMS Nassau - National Archives, Kew, London ADM 51/1757
- Captain's Log of HMS Falcon - National Archives, Kew, London ADM 51/4446
- "No. 16137". The London Gazette. 6 April 1808. p. 536.
- "No. 20939". The London Gazette. 26 January 1849. pp. 241–243.
External links
- Balsved's Danish Naval History This website offers seven references in Danish for the details of the battle
- Individual record cards in Danish for many ships of the Danish Royal Navy can be found at skibregister (den sorte registrand) - There is also access to all the coded sources
- The Royal Danish Naval Museum website at which details, drawings and models may be available. For individual ships already listed, including Prinds Christian Frederick, see here.