Battle of Mount Song

The Battle of Mount Song (traditional Chinese: 松山戰役; simplified Chinese: 松山战役; pinyin: Sōng Shān Zhànyì), also known as the Battle of Ramou (拉孟の戦い), in 1944 was part of a larger campaign in southwest China during the Second World War. Chinese Nationalist forces aimed to retake the Burma Road.

Battle of Mount Song/ Ramou
Part of the Burma Campaign of World War II

Chinese Nationalist soldiers fighting near Salween River
DateJune 4, 1944 – September 7, 1944
Location
Mount Song (Chinese), Matsuyama/ Ramou (Japanese) Yunnan
Result Allied victory
Belligerents
 China
 United States[1]		  Japan
Commanders and leaders
Song Xilian
Li Mi		 Yuzo Matsuyama
Strength
20,000 1,300-strong detachment from 56th division[2] (including 300 wounded soldiers).
Casualties and losses
7,763 casualties including 4,000 killed 1,290 killed[3]
7 captured

Background

The Japanese Army in Southern Yunnan was at risk of being cut off by advancing British and American troops in Northern Burma. The Japanese Army aimed to block the highway for as long as possible. Constructing a series of tunnels and bunkers over a static two-year period they turned the mountain and its immediate environs into a fortress. Songshan (in Chinese) Matsuyama (in Japanese) blocked the road immediately behind the Salween River. Although the Chinese Nationalist Army crossed the river with light casualties and surrounded the Japanese garrison, they found that their offensive capability was limited because of this garrison behind their line of advance.

The Chinese forces were unaware of the depth of the Japanese defences, and their underestimation led to heavy casualties through a slow and cautious campaign. Chinese artillery strikes and US bombing runs had little effect against Japanese forces underground. Japan also set up a series of hidden pillboxes to ambush the Chinese forces.

After three months of battle, the Chinese forces finally retook Mount Song through the use of extended bombardment and an overabundance of US aid and training, as well as several tons of U.S. TNT placed in tunnels beneath the fortifications.[4] Once open the Burma Road could be used to supply China with aid via a land route.

Fall and Aftermath

The Japanese listed only one survivor, Captain Kinoshita, an artillery officer and one other soldier ordered out to communicate to the Japanese high command the night before the fall of the outpost, with apparently one other soldier. Chinese sources say 7 soldiers were captured out of the total garrison, Japanese sources do not mention prisoners.

Comfort Station

Upon the exhortations of Senior Staff Officer Masanobu Tsuji, a comfort station was established in early 1944. About 12 Japanese comfort women committed suicide towards the end of the siege after fighting alongside the Japanese garrison. Another five or six Korean comfort women were captured by Chinese and US forces. These were eventually repatriated.[5]

Significance

After the capture of the stronghold, the Burma Road could be used once again to supply China.

Although defeated, the small Japanese force, unsupplied and lacking air power or heavy artillery, held up the entire Chinese Expeditionary Army for over three months considerably lengthening the war in Burma.[6]

A memorial park was built on top of the mountain by the Chinese government, with 402 sculptures representing soldiers from the Chinese Expeditionary Force spread over an area of 190000 sq. feet.[7]

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References
  1. <http://www.cbi-theater.com/roundup/roundup102644.html
  2. Part I: Ramou and To-Etsu: Gyokusai on the Burma-Yunnan Front
  3. Article about War of Resistance "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2013-03-16.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  4. <http://www.cbi-theater.com/roundup/roundup102644.html
  5. The Chrysamthemum and the Dragon, Sagara Jyunsuke, Kojinsha Press, Tokyo 2004, 菊と龍祖国への栄光の戦い、光人社、東京、２００4
  6. Reflections on War in Burma, Noguchi Seiki, Kojinsha Press, Tokyo 2000, 回想ビルマ作戦，野口省己、光人社、東京、２００２
  7. Ranran, Liu, ed. (September 4, 2013). "Sculptures of China Expeditionary Force Completed in Yunnan". CRIENGLISH.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2017. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
Chinese
  • 《陆军第八军松山围攻战史》，国民党陆军第八军司令部参谋处编撰，重庆陆军大学1947年编印
  • 《陆军第八军第一零三师围攻松山战斗详报》，第二历史档案馆馆藏资料
  • 《陆军第八军第一零三师滇西阵中整训日记》，第二历史档案馆馆藏资料
  • 《滇西作战实录》吴致皋著，台北文星书店中华民国五十一年（1962年）5月第一版
  • 《中国远征军战史》徐康明著，纪念抗日战争及世界反法西斯战争胜利50周年丛书，军事科学出版社1995.7
  • 《中缅印战场抗日战争史》徐康明著，解放军出版社2007.7第一版
  • 《1944:松山战役笔记》余戈著，生活.读书.新知三联出版社2009.8
Japanese
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