Battle of Lodi

The Battle of Lodi was fought on 10 May 1796 between French forces under Napoleon Bonaparte and an Austrian rear guard led by Karl Philipp Sebottendorf at Lodi, Lombardy. The rear guard was defeated, but the main body of Johann Peter Beaulieu's Austrian Army had time to retreat.

Battle of Lodi
Part of the French Revolutionary Wars

General Bonaparte gives his orders, in The Battle of Lodi, by Louis-François, Baron Lejeune
Date10 May 1796
Location
Lodi, present-day Italy
Result French victory
Belligerents
 France Habsburg Monarchy
Commanders and leaders
Napoleon Bonaparte Johann Beaulieu
Karl Sebottendorf
Strength
15,500 infantry
2,000 cavalry
30 guns		 9,500
14 guns[1]
Casualties and losses
At least 350[2] 153 killed or wounded
1,700 captured
16 guns[3]

Order of battle

French Army

French Army: General Napoleon Bonaparte (15,500 infantry, 2,000 cavalry)[4]

Austrian Army

Austrian-Neapolitan Army: Beaulieu (not present)

  • Division: Feldmarschall-Leutnant Karl Philipp Sebottendorf (6,577 not including Nicoletti and Naples detachments)[6]
    • Rear Guard: General-Major Josef Philipp Vukassovich
      • 2 battalions Carlstädter Grenz Infantry Regiment
    • Lodi Covering Force: General-Major Gerhard Rosselmini
      • 1 battalion Nádasdy Infantry Regiment # 39 (623)
      • 2 squadrons Mészáros Uhlan Regiment # 1 (286)
    • First Line:
      • 2 battalions Carlstädter Grenz IR (from rear guard)
      • 1 battalion Warasdiner Grenz IR (1,262)
      • 1 battalion Nádasdy Infantry Regiment # 39 (from covering force)
      • 14 cannon
    • Second Line:
      • 3 battalions Terzi Infantry Regiment # 16 (1,212)
      • 1 battalion Belgiojoso Infantry Regiment # 44 (311)
      • 1 battalion Thurn Infantry Regiment # 43 (622)
      • 4 squadrons Archduke Joseph Hussars # 2
      • 2 squadrons Mészáros Uhlan Regiment # 1 (from covering force)
    • Detached to Corte Palasio: GM Franz Nicoletti (1,958)
      • 2 battalions Strassoldo Infantry Regiment # 27
      • 1 battalion Tuscany IR # 23
      • 2 squadrons Erdödy Hussars # 9
    • Detached to Fontana: (1,092)

Battle
The French passing the bridge, (Musée de la Révolution française).
After seizing the bridge over the Adda, the French defeated the Austrians and proceeded to occupy Milan

The French advance guard caught up with Josef Vukassovich's Austrian rear-guard at about 9 am on 10 May and after a clash followed them towards Lodi. Vukassovich was soon relieved by Gerhard Rosselmini's covering force near the town. The town's defences were not strong, the defenders were few, and the French were able to get inside and make their way towards the bridge. The span was defended from the far bank by nine battalions of infantry arrayed in two lines and fourteen guns. The Austrian general in command at Lodi, Sebottendorf, also had four squadrons of Neapolitan cavalry at his disposal, giving him a total of 6,577 men, who were mostly completely exhausted after a hasty forced march. Sebottendorf decided that it was inadvisable to retire in daylight, and opted to defend the crossing until nightfall.[7]

One eye-witness (a grenadier called Vigo-Roussillon) stated that the Austrians had men attempting to destroy the bridge, but that the French stopped their efforts by bringing up guns to fire along its length. It should have been fairly easy to prevent a French crossing because the bridge was wooden, and could have been burnt. It was about 200 yards long, and was a very simple structure consisting of piles driven into the river bed every few yards, with beams laid to form a roadway.

The French advance guard was not strong enough to try to cross the bridge, so several hours passed while further French forces came up. During the afternoon, a violent cannonade began, as French guns arrived and were positioned to fire across the river. It has been suggested that Bonaparte was personally involved in directing some of the guns, and that his troops began to refer to him as le petit caporal (the little corporal) because of this, but there is no contemporary evidence to back this up.

Eventually, at about 6 pm, the French prepared for an attack, with Marc Antoine de Beaumont's cavalry being sent to ford the river upstream, and a column consisting of the 2nd battalion of carabiniers (elite light infantry) being readied inside the walls of the town. The carabiniers then stormed out of the gates and onto the bridge. Vigo-Roussillon stated that the enemy artillery fired one salvo when the troops were part-way across, causing numerous casualties, at which point the column wavered and stopped, but a number of senior French officers rushed to the head of the column and led it forward again. These officers included André Masséna, Louis Berthier, Jean Lannes, Jean-Baptiste Cervoni, and Claude Dallemagne.[8] (Some authorities suggest that the French retreated and attacked again, but an important Austrian source supports the thesis of a single attack.)

Some of the French climbed down the piles and waded through the water, firing as they went. The Austrian troops were already exhausted from hours of marching and fighting without food, probably demoralised by the French cannonade, and also seem to have been worried about being cut off by the French cavalry. Their morale collapsed as the carabiniers rushed towards them, and a hasty retreat ensued, the fugitives making the most of the gathering dark to make their escape towards Crema, though some brave units discouraged the French from pursuing too closely. Oberst Count Attems of Terzi Infantry Regiment # 16 was killed covering the successful, though costly withdrawal.[9]

Austrian losses were 21 officers, 5,200 men, and 235 horses killed, wounded, or captured. In addition, 12 cannons, 2 howitzers and 30 ammunition wagons had been lost. French losses were around 1,000.

Aftermath

The Battle of Lodi was not a decisive engagement since the Austrian army had successfully escaped. But it became a central element in the Napoleonic legend and, according to Napoleon himself, contributed to convincing him that he was superior to other generals and that his destiny would lead him to achieve great things.[10]

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gollark: https://what-if.xkcd.com/48/
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gollark: That sounds like something someone secretly from Venus would say.

References

Footnotes
  1. Smith, p 113. Smith lists strengths of both armies.
  2. Chandler, p 178
  3. Chandler, p 180
  4. Smith, p 113. Smith's order of battle incorrectly lists Serurier's division.
  5. Chandler, p 252-253
  6. Boycott-Brown, p 310. This author gives the Austrian OOB in detail.
  7. Boycott-Brown, p 310-311
  8. Boycott-Brown, p 314
  9. Boycott-Brown, p 314-315
  10. Philip G. Dwyer, ‘Napoleon Bonaparte as Hero and Saviour: Image, Rhetoric and Behaviour in the Construction of a Legend’, French History, 28 (2004), 379-403; p.382

Books
  • Agnelli, G. "La battaglia al ponte di Lodi e l’inizio della settimana napoleonica lodigiana". Archivio storico lombardo, no. 60 (1933): 1–73.
  • Boycott-Brown, M. The Road to Rivoli: Napoleon's First Campaign. London: Cassell, 2001.
  • Chandler, David. Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars. New York: Macmillan, 1979. ISBN 0-02-523670-9.
  • Chandler, David. The Campaigns of Napoleon. Scribner, 2009. ISBN 9781439131039.
  • Schels, J. B. "Die Kriegsereignisse in Italien vom 15 April bis 16 Mai 1796, mit dem Gefechte bei Lodi". Oesterreichische Militärische Zeitschrift Bd. 2; Bd. 4 (1825): 195–231; 57–97, p. 267–8.
  • Smith, Digby. The Napoleonic Wars Data Book. London: Greenhill, 1998. ISBN 1-85367-276-9.
  • Vigo-Roussillon, F. Journal de campagne (1793–1837). Paris, 1981.

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