Battle of Garigliano

Battle of Garigliano
Date	June 915
Location	near the Garigliano River, Italy
Result	Decisive Christian Italian victory
Belligerents
Christian League: Papal States (Rome/Latium and Tuscany); Duchy of Benevento; Principality of Capua; Principality of Salerno; Kingdom of Italy Duchy of Spoleto; ; Byzantine Empire Duchy of Gaeta; Duchy of Amalfi; Duchy of Naples; ;	Saracens
Commanders and leaders
Alberic I of Spoleto; Nicholas Picingli; Pope John X	Alliku[1]
Strength
50,000	75,000
Casualties and losses
Minimal	Whole army killed or enslaved

The Battle of Garigliano was fought in 915 between Christian forces and the Saracens. Pope John X personally led the Christian forces into battle. The aim was to destroy the Arab fortress on the Garigliano River,[2] which had threatened central Italy and the outskirts of Rome for nearly 30 years.[3][4]

Background

After a series of ravaging attacks against the main sites of the Lazio in the second half of the 9th century, the Saracens established a colony next to the ancient city of Minturnae, near the Garigliano River. Here they even formed alliances with the nearby Christian princes (notably the hypati of Gaeta), taking advantage of the division between them.

John X, however, managed to reunite these princes in an alliance in order to oust the Saracens from their dangerous strongpoint. The Christian armies united the pope with several south Italian princes of Lombard or Greek extraction, including Guaimar II of Salerno, John I of Gaeta and his son Docibilis, Gregory IV of Naples and his son John, and Landulf I of Benevento and Capua. The King of Italy, Berengar I, sent a support force from Spoleto and the Marche, led by Alberic I, duke of Spoleto and Camerino. The Byzantine Empire participated by sending a strong contingent from Calabria and Apulia under the strategos of Bari, Nicholas Picingli. John X himself led the milities from the Lazio, Tuscany, and Rome.

Battle

The first action took place in northern Lazio, where small bands of ravagers were surprised and destroyed. The Christians scored two more significant victories at Campo Baccano, on the Via Cassia, and in the area of Tivoli and Vicovaro. After these defeats, the Muslims occupying Narni and other strongholds moved back to the main Saracen stronghold on the Garigliano: this was a fortified settlement (kairuan) whose site, however, has not yet been identified with certainty. The siege lasted for three months, from June to August.[5]

After being pushed out of the fortified camp, the Saracens retired to the nearby hills. Here they resisted many attacks led by Alberic and Landulf. However, deprived of food and noticing their situation was becoming desperate, in August they attempted a sally to reach the coast and escape to Sicily. According to the chronicles, all were captured and executed.

Aftermath

Berengar was rewarded with the papal support and eventually the imperial crown, while Alberic's prestige after the victorious battle granted him a preeminent role in the future history of Rome. John I of Gaeta was able to expand his duchy to the Garigliano and received the title of patricius from Byzantium, leading his family to proclaim themselves "dukes".

Following the victory, the Byzantines, as the most important force during the battle, became the dominant power in southern Italy.[6]

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References

Cfr. Chronicon comitum Capuae in Mon.Germ.hist.Script. III,208
Roger Collins (1 Jan 2009). Keepers of the Keys of Heaven: A History of the Papacy. Basic Books. p. 175. ISBN 9780786744183.
Gustav Edmund Von Grunebaum. Classical Islam. p. 125. ISBN 9780202364858.
Christopher Kleinhenz (8 Jan 2004). Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 813. ISBN 9781135948801.
Peter Partner (1 Jan 1972). The Lands of St. Peter: The Papal State in the Middle Ages and the Early Renaissance (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. pp. 81–2. ISBN 9780520021815.
C. W. Previté-Orton (4 Jul 2013). Outlines of Medieval History. Cambridge University Press. p. 157. ISBN 9781107627116.

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[1] Cfr. Chronicon comitum Capuae in Mon.Germ.hist.Script. III,208

[2] Roger Collins (1 Jan 2009). Keepers of the Keys of Heaven: A History of the Papacy. Basic Books. p. 175. ISBN 9780786744183.

[3] Gustav Edmund Von Grunebaum. Classical Islam. p. 125. ISBN 9780202364858.

[4] Christopher Kleinhenz (8 Jan 2004). Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 813. ISBN 9781135948801.

[5] Peter Partner (1 Jan 1972). The Lands of St. Peter: The Papal State in the Middle Ages and the Early Renaissance (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. pp. 81–2. ISBN 9780520021815.

[6] C. W. Previté-Orton (4 Jul 2013). Outlines of Medieval History. Cambridge University Press. p. 157. ISBN 9781107627116.