BanLec

BanLec (also BanLec-I or Banana lectin) is a lectin from the jacalin-related lectin family isolated from the fruit of the bananas Musa acuminata[1] and Musa balbisiana.[2] BanLec is one of the predominant proteins in the pulp of ripe bananas[3] and has binding specificity for mannose and mannose-containing oligosaccharides.[2] A 2010 study reported that BanLec was a potent inhibitor of HIV replication.[1]

Activity

BanLec has a number of similarities to Concanavalin A and binds to mannose-related carbohydrate structures.[2] It was discovered due to its highly immunogenic properties—BanLec induces a strong IgG4 antibody response[2]—and appears to be an important antigen involved in banana allergies.[4]

BanLec expression can be induced by the plant hormone methyl jasmonate.[3]

Structure and stability

BanLec exists as a homodimer of two identical 15 kDa subunits [3] and has also been reported as a tetramer complex[5]. The protein is highly stable, unfolding only at high temperatures[6][7]

All jacalin-related lectins feature type I beta-prism folding motifs (the beta-prism I fold is like a perfect beta-prism with each side made up of a four-stranded greek key motif), but BanLec is the first jacalin-related lectin from the monocot family of plants, while all other members are dicots; other monocot mannose-binding lectins exhibit beta-prism II folding instead.[7]

BanLec features strong intersubunit interactions with high levels of hydrogen bonding and water bridges allowing resistance to denaturing when exposed to high temperatures or high concentrations of chaotropes such as guanidium hydrochloride.[7] Crystal structures of BanLec suggest that the lectin has two saccharide binding sites.[8]

HIV inhibition

In 2010, BanLec was reported to be a potent inhibitor of HIV replication.[1][9] Researchers at the University of Michigan determined that BanLec bound to the HIV-1 envelope protein gp120, which is high in sugar content, inhibiting viral entry into human cells.[1][9] The researchers suggest that such an inhibitor of HIV infection may find use as a topical treatment, such as a vaginal microbicide, and may be cheaper to produce than current antiviral topical treatments.[10]

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References
  1. Swanson MD, Winter HC, Goldstein IJ, Markovitz DM (March 2010). "A Lectin Isolated from Bananas Is a Potent Inhibitor of HIV Replication". J. Biol. Chem. 285 (12): 8646–55. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.034926. PMC 2838287. PMID 20080975.
  2. Koshte VL, van Dijk W, van der Stelt ME, Aalberse RC (December 1990). "Isolation and characterization of BanLec-I, a mannoside-binding lectin from Musa paradisiac (banana)". Biochem. J. 272 (3): 721–6. doi:10.1042/bj2720721. PMC 1149768. PMID 2268297.
  3. Peumans WJ, Zhang W, Barre A, et al. (September 2000). "Fruit-specific lectins from banana and plantain". Planta. 211 (4): 546–54. doi:10.1007/s004250000307. PMID 11030554.
  4. Koshte VL, Aalbers M, Calkhoven PG, Aalberse RC (1992). "The potent IgG4-inducing antigen in banana is a mannose-binding lectin, BanLec-I". Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 97 (1): 17–24. doi:10.1159/000236090. PMID 1582693.
  5. Hopper, Jonathan T.S.; Ambrose, Stephen; Grant, Oliver C.; Krumm, Stefanie A.; Allison, Timothy M.; Degiacomi, Matteo T.; Tully, Mark D.; Pritchard, Laura K.; Ozorowski, Gabriel; Ward, Andrew B.; Crispin, Max; Doores, Katie J.; Woods, Robert J.; Benesch, Justin L.P.; Robinson, Carol V.; Struwe, Weston B. (May 2017). "The Tetrameric Plant Lectin BanLec Neutralizes HIV through Bidentate Binding to Specific Viral Glycans". Structure. 25 (5): 773–782.e5. doi:10.1016/j.str.2017.03.015. PMC 5556678. PMID 28434916.
  6. Gupta G, Vishveshwara S, Surolia A (March 2009). "Stability of dimeric interface in banana lectin: Insight from molecular dynamics simulations". IUBMB Life. 61 (3): 252–60. doi:10.1002/iub.162. PMID 19189367.
  7. Gupta G, Sinha S, Surolia A (August 2008). "Unfolding energetics and stability of banana lectin". Proteins. 72 (2): 754–60. doi:10.1002/prot.21961. PMID 18260105.
  8. Meagher JL, Winter HC, Ezell P, Goldstein IJ, Stuckey JA (October 2005). "Crystal structure of banana lectin reveals a novel second sugar binding site". Glycobiology. 15 (10): 1033–42. doi:10.1093/glycob/cwi088. PMID 15944373.
  9. "Study: Chemical in Bananas Could Help Fight HIV", Fox News Channel, March 16, 2010
  10. "Protein in bananas could help block spread of HIV, University of Michigan researchers say", AnnArbor.com, March 15, 2010
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