Baltimore police strike

The Baltimore Police Strike was a 1974 labor action conducted by officers of the Baltimore Police Department. Striking officers sought better wages and changes to BPD policy. They also expressed solidarity with Baltimore municipal workers, who were in the midst of an escalating strike action that began on July 1. On July 7, police launched a campaign of intentional misbehavior and silliness; on July 11 they began a formal strike. The department reported an increase in fires and looting, and the understaffed BPD soon received support from Maryland State Police. The action ended on July 15, when union officials negotiated an end to both strikes. The city promised (and delivered) police officers a wage increase in 1975, but refused amnesty for the strikers. Police Commissioner Donald Pomerleau revoked the union's collective bargaining rights, fired its organizers, and pointedly harassed its members.

Baltimore Police Strike
Two officers on strike carry signs with uniformed officers nearby
DateJuly 11, 1974 - July 17, 1974
Location
Baltimore, Maryland
GoalsWage Increases
MethodsStrikes, Protest, Demonstrations
Parties to the civil conflict
City of Baltimore
Lead figures
George P. Hoyt;
Thomas Rapanotti		 Marvin Mandel;
Donald Pomerleau
Number
1,500 strikers
Casualties and losses
Deaths:
Injuries:
Arrests:
Deaths:
Injuries:

The Baltimore action was one of a handful police strikes in the United States since the Boston Police Strike of 1919,[1] and was followed by a wave of police unrest in U.S. cities.[2] The action was also test case for the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME), which was rapidly growing in size and strength but had not had much success in unionizing police officers.

Background

Police unionization in Baltimore

City officials opposed the organization of police as a group of workers, fearing the breakdown of order that might result from police strikes. However, Baltimore had a high proportion of minority and pro-union officers.[3] Police officers who wanted to unionize met in secret for years before voting in 1966 to form Police Local 1195, a chapter of AFSCME.[4] One of Local 1195's key leaders was Thomas Rapanotti—a labor organizer who worked in a coal mine, then at Martin Aircraft, then for AFSCME.[5] Rapanotti expanded the union in Baltimore and made inroads into surrounding counties.[6]

The Fraternal Order of Police (FOP) immediately presented itself as a competing union.[4] FOP Lodge #3, which still exists, is independent from other types of workers and less militant as a labor group.

Conflict with Pomerleau

Baltimore's Police Commissioner, Donald D. Pomerleau, was particularly hostile to the idea of a police union. He repeatedly declined requests (from Baltimore's AFSCME Local 44 as well as from within BPD) to recognize Local 1195, even when much of the police force had joined.[7]

Local 1195 and its allies in organized labor voiced many complaints against Pomerleau. In addition to criticizing Pomerleau's changes to department policy, they accused him of harassing and intimidating union leaders. The AFL–CIO called his actions 'union-busting'. In 1968, officers picketed BPD headquarters and demanded his resignation.[8][9] Grievances with Pomerleau continued to mount. In a 1973 grand jury investigation on corruption within the BPD, Rapanotti accused him of spying and of applying polygraphs tests selectively only to lower-ranking officers.[10] Banned from striking by its constitution, in March of this year the union began to consider job actions.[11]

Collective bargaining

By 1973, about 2,000 of Baltimore's 3,500 police officers claimed membership in Local 1195. AFSCME leaders and representatives from other public employee unions and organizations pressed the City of Baltimore for collective bargaining rights and higher wages.[12] Some of the officers had worked previously at Bethlehem Steel and been on strike before.[13]

In November 1973, Pomerleau agreed to recognize collective representation for police, and held an election to choose an exclusive bargaining agent. He stipulated that whatever the result, no secondary boycotts, slow-downs, stoppages, or strikes would be allowed.[14] Local 1195 won the election by a large margin, with 1,488 votes to 769 for FOP 3. Turnout was 85%. After Local 1195's victory, Rapanotti laid out a 26-point proposal for the city.[15]

Local 1195 immediately attempted to make good on the promise that collective bargaining might improve conditions and wages for police officers. The police asked for an increase of their salary range from $8,761–$11,082 to $12,500–$14,500. The city offered 5.5% raise, with a 0.5% increase in benefits. This package had recently been accepted by other city workers, including teachers, who went on strike in February of the same year. (The salary raise was 5.5% or 20 cents an hour, whichever was greater for the workers at hand. For many other municipal employees, 20 cents an hour was greater.) On June 30, Local 1195 voted unanimously to reject the city's offer.[16]

Actions begin

The lead-up to the police strike was a period of radical labor activity and unrest, sparked by a walkout of the city's garbage collectors.

Municipal workers strike
Main article: Baltimore municipal strike of 1974

On July 1, 1974, over 700 sanitation workers walked off their jobs in a wildcat strike (against the wishes of their union leadership in AFSCME Local 44). Workers cited low wages (they wanted a 50 cent raise instead of a 20 cent raise) and undignified conditions (heat, exhaust fumes, and poorly maintained trucks) as reasons for striking. Mayor Schaefer threatened to fire them all.[17] Soon after the strike began, AFSCME announced its support and sent major leaders from its national offices. By July 7 approximately 2,500 municipal sanitation workers, corrections officers, and other personnel had gone on strike.[18] The atmosphere created by this strike emboldened the police force to push harder for their own demands.

Police job actions

Baltimore's police officers sympathized with other city workers, increasing their readiness to strike.[12] The municipal strike—with garbage pileups and rioting inmates—also created an atmosphere of crisis, in which the role of police would be especially conspicuous.[19] On July 6, the union formed a steering committee, with 84 members, to plan job actions intended to pressure the city for negotiations. According to the findings disclosed by a 1977 court case, these actions had "tacit approval" from Commissioner Pomerleau, who also wanted the city to negotiate further.[14]

On July 7, police began 'job actions' that signaled their discontent. Officers would write lengthy reports on pennies ("objects of value") found along the side of the road and would turn obvious samples of tobacco over to the police lab for drug analysis.[13][20] There was a massive increase in traffic stops and a 1000% increase in tickets issued. One ticket led to an altercation resulting in three arrests. Mayor Schaefer's limousine was ticketed twice.[21] Kenneth Webster, a state Delegate, was arrested (on littering charges), for tearing up one of these tickets in front of the ticketing officer.[22] John A. Lann, a police officer, was arrested and suspended from the BPD for blocking traffic on the newly constructed I-83. Union officials threatened a total strike if he was not released.[22]

These actions mounted day by day and garnered widespread attention. On July 10, police cars blocked two out of three lanes on Franklin St. downtown.[23]

Decision to strike

Pressure for a strike had been building since the new contract was announced on June 30. Rapanotti opposed a full strike, predicting (correctly): "This thing is only a week old. If you pull and strike at this moment, they're going over there and offer the garbagemen some money, and we're going to be standing there holding our Yo-Yo's."[5] But after four days of job actions, the union's members were ready to escalate.

After meeting for an hour and a half on the afternoon of Thursday, July 11, members of the steering committee decided unanimously to go on strike.[24]

Police officers strike

At 8PM on July 11, 39 officers on the 4PM–12AM shift returned to their stations and turned in their equipment. They were joined by 33 members of the Tactical Section.[14] Only 96 (of 238 scheduled) showed up for the midnight shift. Striking officers established picket lines at seven stations.[25] The Baltimore Sun reported that looting began immediately in West and East Baltimore.[26]

Strikers formed picket lines and carried signs reading "I will not die for 5.5" and "Professional Pay for Professional Service".[26]

Striking and nonstriking officers

It is estimated that nearly 1,300 police officers of the 2,300 went on strike.[27] Nonstriking officers worked overtime: 12 hours a day, 7 days a week.[28] (According to Pomerleau, there were only 565 strikers;[29] most sources said his estimate was too low.[30])

Newspapers reported tension between striking and non-striking officers.[13][31] "Don't trust that guy," one striking officer said of a working officer to a national guard soldier.[32] Some nonstriking officers likewise felt betrayed by their fellow workers and by Local 1195, which was officially a non-striking union.[33]

Officers of the Fraternal Order of Police released statements opposing the strike.[34]

Fourteen white youths picketed the strikers, displaying signs that said "Safety First; Money Second".[35]

Effect on crime

After the walkout on Thursday, July 11, the BPD and the fire department received increased reports looting and arson. Trash fires (facilitated by the sanitation workers' strike) were the most common violation reported. These fires intensified immediately in southwest Baltimore, where all 22 officers on the night shift had walked off.[24] Fire alarms increased to hundreds per day, and some fire fighters were harassed when they arrived on the scene.[36] Neighborhoods already high in crime saw more of it.[31]

Police reported that the city was particularly quiet on the night of Friday, July 12.[35][37] This abrupt halt in reported crimes coincided with the visible arrival of outside forces.

One man, identified as a looter, was shot and killed by a nonstriking officer on July 12.[37] Commissioner Pomerleau declared, "We're in a semi-riot mode, similar to the 1968 riots."[38] However, activity in the streets never reached the same levels, and much less damage resulted.

Government response

The strike met with opposition from the city government, the state government, and the judiciary. These authorities reacted more severely to the police strike than to the simultaneous municipal strike.

Before midnight on July 11, Circuit Judge James C. Murphy issued an injunction ordering the strike to end immediately.[25] This injunction had no immediate mechanism for enforcement.

On July 12, Maryland governor Marvin Mandel ordered outside police help from 115 state troopers and ten canine units.[39] They arrived with 100 cruisers and a tractor-trailer carrying two jeeps.[36] These troops were outfitted with riot weapons but wore soft hats instead of helmets.[35]

The Maryland National Guard was put on alert[37] but Mandel said he did not expect them to become involved.[27]

Also on July 12, Commissioner Pomerleau announced that 457 officers had been suspended.[27]

On Saturday, July 13, Judge Murphy declared a fine for each day of striking—$25,000 for the union and $10,000 for Rapanotti. He also threatened Rapanotti with jail if the strike continued beyond 10AM on Monday July 15.[40] (Murphy issued parallel threats to union leaders connected to the ongoing municipal workers' strike.)

On July 14, Pomerleau fired 82 officers and demoted 9 detectives and 18 police agents (officers with college degrees).[29][30] All the officers fired were 'probationary', meaning that they had served on the force for under two years; Commissioner Pomerleau stated that these officers were not entitled to hearings for their jobs.[41] He further announced that there would be "no general amnesty", and that all striking workers would be fired unless they resumed their jobs immediately.[42]

Negotiations

The police walkout quickly triggered negotiations for both police and the striking municipal workers. Union representatives and city officials met for five hours on July 12, the day after the night shift walkout.[35] With leaders of both Locals under direct threats from Judge Murphy, marathon negotiations continued day and night, with few breaks.[40] These negotiations were tightly controlled by outside representatives of AFSCME, who temporarily suspended Rapanotti for negotiating without accompaniment.[43]

On Sunday, July 14, AFSCME negotiators responded to Commissioner Pomerleau (who had just fired 82 officers, threatened to fire more, and declared no amnesty) that amnesty would be a condition of settlement.[44]

On Monday, July 15, the city announced its settlement with Local 44: a 25 cent-raise immediately, and an additional 45 cents in 1975. The arrangement with the police was less clear. According to Mandel and Pomerleau, union leaders had promised that the officers would return to work. Leaders of the police union then announced in a press conference that they had been "assured of fair play" and that "many would be reinstated"—but there was still no promise of amnesty. Rapanonotti announced that the decision would be taken for ratification to a committee of strikers.[45][46] Police officers would receive no immediate increase in salary. An increase of the salary range to $10,000–$13,500 was planned for July 1975.[45]

Striking officers ratified the agreement on the morning July 16. Many of the strikers felt defeated, and most had already returned to work. Many of those who had been fired came to the meeting to express anger and frustration about the negotiations. Before this group would vote had to be reassured that leaders would seek amnesty.[47]

Aftermath

Pomerleau announced that returning strikers would be treated harshly, writing in a July 18 letter : "I have asked the sergeants of this department to 'take charge.' If they wish to deprive a striker of an air-conditioned car or refuse to assign a striker to overtime duties that is their prerogative and, I will back them up."[48] These returning workers were also banned from park and stadium patrols, and from assuming "officer in charge" status.[41]

Pomerleau suspended and then fired George P. Hoyt, president of AFSCME Local 1195 and leader of the strike. Hoyt had been a member of the force for 17 years and was four days away from retirement when he was fired.[1] Pomerleau subsequently fired dozens more officers, including all of Local 1195's remaining officials.[49]

On July 25, Pomerleau issued a message, posted on bulletin boards and read for three days at roll call, which distinguished between strike leaders and followers. In this message, he specified the offenses that would in particular be punished:[14]

As these are completed, please be assured that varying actions will be taken on an individual basis against 1) those officers from the Southwestern District and Tactical Section who deserted their posts at or about 2000 hours on Thursday, July 11, abandoning the citizens and endangering their brother officers, 2) those who instigated, planned, and implemented the walkout of Tactical and Southwest, 3) those who conspired to diminish the department's ability to respond by:
a. jamming communications
b. mixing keys in the Motor Pool
c. blocking departmental [buses] so reinforcements could not move expeditiously, and
d. holding open mikes
4) those who exhorted and even coerced other officers to strike, 5) and those who spat upon their brother officers. These men will be dealt with.

Thomas Bradley, president of the Metropolitan Baltimore Labor Council (a regional arm of the AFL–CIO), promised to establish a committee "who will see to it that there are no reprisals".[47] AFSCME president Jerry Wurf also promised to help the officers get their jobs back.[50] These campaigns were ultimately unsuccessful.

Judge Murphy fined AFSCME $15,000 and union organizer Thomas Rapanotti $10,000.[51] None of the striking officers or leaders were imprisoned.[52]

Impact on the union

On July 17, Commissioner Pomerleau revoked the union's right to bargain,[53][54] citing the terms of his 1973 order.[34] He also announced and announced that union dues would no longer be 'checked off' automatically from workers' paychecks and that union leaders would not be allowed to visit police headquarters unescorted.[48]

The union of police supervisors (Local 1599), withdrew their membership in AFSCME.[48]

Local 1195, along with AFSCME, filed a lawsuit against Pomerleau and Mandel for union busting and illegal spying. The suit also accused Captain Donald E. Einolf and Edward Crowder as agents of an anti-union conspiracy.[55] This lawsuit was lost in 1977.[14]

The city refused to allow police collective bargaining (let alone right to strike) until 1982.[56]

Resentment

With no reprieve from the city, the formerly striking officers turned to Governor Mandel, asking him to re-authorize their union and impose amnesty.[57] Mandel, feuding with AFSCME president Wurf, refused to assist them, declaring that he would prefer to lose the union's support in his re-election campaign.[58]

Some officers felt sold out, or used as "cannon fodder," by the union leaders.[57] Twenty of the officers who were fired sued national and local AFSCME offices in 1977 for false representation and negligence, charging that they should not have authorized an illegal strike that could lead them to lose their jobs.[59]

Tension persisted between strikers and non-strikers. Some of the officers who did not strike opposed amnesty for those who did.[33]

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References
  1. "Pomerleau fires police union's Hoyt for role in strike". Baltimore Sun. 16 August 1974. ProQuest 535494440.
  2. Ray, Gerda (Spring–Summer 1977). "Police Militancy". Crime and Social Justice (7): 40–48. JSTOR 29766004. The causes of the sudden upsurge of police militancy in the last two decades lie in the changing conditions of policing. In large measure, today's police are moved to collective action by the realization that the declining legitimacy of the state subjects them to the explicit hostility of large segments of the population. Police work has become harder. As the degree of race and class conflict intensifies, the police assume a more demanding role both in repressing strikes and demonstrations and in attempting to contain the escalating level of crime. They are attacked, on the one hand, by progressive groups demanding the curtailment of their coercive power and, on the other hand, by reactionary elements calling for law and order and increased police efficiency.
  3. Philip Jenkins, "The Baltimore Police Strike of 1974," in Ronald M. Filippelli, ed., Labor Conflict in the United States: An Encyclopedia (New York: Garland, 1990), page 33.
  4. Goeller, David C. (14 April 1966). "Non-striking police local is organized". Baltimore Sun. pp. C5, C20. ProQuest 251207782. A group of Baltimore city policemen yesterday held their first open union meeting in two years and voted without dissent to form a non-striking local of the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFL–CIO). The formation of the local, coming after two years of clandestine union activity, was approved unanimously by 150 patrolmen and sergeants attending a morning meeting at the Steelworkers Hall, at 550 Dundalk avenue.
  5. Scott, Rachel (13 July 1974). "Police call their union chief 'the Godfather' and he fondly refers to them as his family". Baltimore Sun. p. A9. ProQuest 538989847.
  6. McClintock, John (13 May 1969). "Mighty Police Union Is Dream Of AFL-CIO's 'Mini-Cop': Diminutive Organizer Has Made Impressive Strides in State". Baltimore Sun. p. C6. ProQuest 539169252. 1. A majority of Baltimore county's 900 policemen have signed up for Mr. Rapanotti's union. 2. He's had strong feelers from the men on the Ann Arundel county force and the 900-man State Police. 3. He is in the process of signing up the Prince George's County police. Already he sits across a table from Mayor D'Alesandro, bargaining as business agent for the 1,970 Baltimore city policemen (the vast majority) his union represents.
  7. Schmick 3d, William F. (16 January 1967). "Agnew Is Asked To Direct Recognition Of Police Union". Baltimore Sun. p. C8. ProQuest 539495187. The AFL–CIO, bitterly stung by Mr. Pomerleau's flat refusal to even discuss a police union, has been overtly and covertly organizing the department. But the organization has been conducted by the policemen themselves, more than 2,000 of whom allegedly belong to the union already.
  8. "Officials Of Police Union, Pomerleau To Meet Today". Baltimore Sun. 10 July 1968. p. C6. Retrieved 8 August 2012. The four items are establishment of a new grievance procedure, an end to what the union calls 'harassment' and 'intimidation' of members through transfers of leaders from one district to another, a request that two officers be placed in patrol cars, and a call for the reestablishment of foot patrols.
  9. "Pomerleau is Criticized: Police Union Reportedly Asks Resignation". Baltimore Sun. 3 July 1968. p. C7. ProQuest 533719567. Representatives of the AFL–CIO and the Baltimore Police Union Local 1195 yesterday accused Donald D. Pomerleau, police commissioner, of 'union-busting' efforts and reportedly sought his resignation during an hour-long meeting with Mayor D'Alesandro.
  10. Twigg, Roger (21 February 1973). "Pomerleau said to learn jury secrets". Baltimore Sun. pp. A1, A7. ProQuest 541360479. The police union official yesterdfay attacked Mr. Pomerleau who, he said, in using lie detector tests had made 'a panicky and irrational and irresponsible decision leading to catastrophic conditions for these (suspended) men and their families.' Mr. Rapanotti also charged that the commissioner had applied 'a double standard' in limiting lie detector tests to only include lower ranking offices.
  11. Twigg, Roger (5 March 1973). "Police union debates protest of inquiries". Baltimore Sun. p. C18. Retrieved 8 August 2012. Amid charges of coverup and possible scandal, hundreds of city policemen yesterday considered measures ranging from a sick-in to massive rush-hour traffic checks to protest the handling of recent department investigations.
  12. CJO - Abstract - ?There is tragedy on both sides of the layoffs:? Privatization and the Urban Crisis in Baltimore
  13. Bill Richards; Fred Barbash (14 July 1974). "Striking Baltimore Police Adopt Tactics of Militants". Washington Post. pp. B1, B3. ProQuest 146167144. 'These guys have been in a union before,' Campbell said, 'and they know what the score is. They came from a union much tougher than this one and they're not afraid to strike,' he said.
  14. Hoyt v. Police Comm'r, 367 A.2d 924 (Md. 6 January 1977).
  15. Twigg, Roger (15 November 1973). "Police choose union: AFL-CIO affiliate wins by big margin". Baltimore Sun. pp. C24, C8. Baltimore city policement, voting in nearly an 85 per cent turnout, yesterday overwhelmingly selected Local 1195 of the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees to represent them in collective bargaining with the city. The voting ran nearly two to one for Local 1195, with 1,488 for the AFL–CIO union to 769 for Lodge No. 3 of the Fraternal Order of Police. Eight persons voted for no representation at all.
  16. "Police reject contract: City offers 6% boost in pay, benefits". Baltimore Sun. 1 July 1974. pp. C1. ProQuest 533429705. About 500 members of Local 1195 of Police Council 27 (AFL–CIO) voted unanimously yesterday to reject a 6 per cent increase in wages and fringe benefits offered by the city.
  17. "Mayor warns strikers: Trash, sewer workers face loss of jobs". Baltimore Sun. 2 July 1974. pp. A1, A8. ProQuest 538951534. Mayor Schaefer raised the specter of mass firings in the Sanitation Division yesterday as about 700 garbage workers and a sprinkling of sewer workers walked off their jobs in a wildcat strike.
  18. "Baltimore Police Strike". Baltimore Police History. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
  19. Ralph de Toledano, The Municipal Doomsday Machine (1975) pg. 152
  20. Chaos in Charm City - TIME
  21. Krause, Charles A. (11 July 1974). "Fund Seizure In Baltimore Strike Cleared: Tie-up Set Of Union's Finances". Washington Post. pp. B1, B8. ProQuest 146145457.
  22. Cramer, Richard Ben (10 July 1974). "Strike talks lapse as city obtains new injunction". Baltimore Sun. ProQuest 538904469. Police intensified their job action yesterday issuing tickets throughout the city. There were five arrests in connection with the police slowdown—one of a member of the House of Delegates, Kenneth L. Webster (D., 4th Baltimore), and another of a policeman who was blocking traffic on the Jones Falls expressway.
  23. Cramer, Richard Ben (11 July 1974). "Trash-strike supporters, police clash". Baltimore Sun. pp. A1, A10. Retrieved 6 August 2012. Meanwhile police intensified their ticket-writing and penny-finding boondoggling in 'phase two' of their protest against the city's 6 per cent wage offer. Police also tied up two of Franklin street's three lanes during the afternoon rush hour.
  24. Watson, Douglas (12 July 1974). "Baltimore Police Walk Off Job". Washington Post. pp. A1, A3. ProQuest 146143255. Some police officers from all nine of the city's districts walked off their jobs last night in response to their union's call for a citywide strike. By early this morning there had been 300 to 400 fires in trash bins and abandoned buildings throughout the city and scattered looting of shops and stores including liquor, jewelry and furniture stores, carry-outs and laundries. Most of the looting was confined to high-crime, poor areas on the fringes of downtown and on the city's west side.
  25. "Strike of City Workers". Toledo Blade. UPI. 12 July 1974. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
  26. Cramer, Richard Ben (12 July 1974). "Police strike; west side hit hard; looting erupts; guard at the ready: Fire alarms increase; Mayor holds conference with Mandel". Baltimore Sun. pp. A1, A12. ProQuest 538947418. Baltimore police called a strike at 8 P.M. last night, and within an hour, hundreds of patrolmen had walked off their jobs amid the first reports of looting, street disturbances and arson. By midnight, the situation had become severe, as police and fire communications lines were jammed with hundreds of emergency calls.
  27. "Baltimore strike brings state cops". Chicago Tribune. UPI. 13 July 1974. p. C11. ProQuest 171164532.
  28. Franklin, Ben A. (14 July 1974). "Negotiations Resumed". New York Times. ProQuest 120096321. Nonstriking policemen were on 12-hour, 7-day-a-week shifts, and officials acknowledged that the long hours could reduce the effectiveness of the men.
  29. Charles A. Krause; Donald P. Baker (15 July 1974). "82 Striking Policemen Fired". Washington Post. pp. C1, C4. ProQuest 146166145.
  30. Krause, Charles (18 July 1974). "Last Phase of Strikes in Baltimore Ends". Washington Post. pp. C1, C3. ProQuest 146164665.
  31. Ralph de Toledano, The Municipal Doomsday Machine (1975) pg. 38
  32. Staff Writers (14 July 1947). "Baltimore Police Ruled in Contempt". Washington Post. pp. A1, B1. ProQuest 146166864. Tension between the striking and working policemen was noticeable last night and early today. As state troopers helped patrol the city, some were jeered by the striking officers. 'Don't trust that guy,' one striking policeman yelled as he pointed at a working city policeman.
  33. Pietila, Antero (16 July 1974). "Eastern district men remain on job mainly due to anti-strike clause". Baltimore Sun. p. A10. ProQuest 538975153. If there was a single reason for Eastern union members' betrayal of Local 1195 at an hour of struggle, it seemd [sic] to be the policemen's conviction that they themselves had been betrayed when their union—contrary to an anti-strike clause in its constitution—declared a strike. 'It really boiled down to this question, "What does your oath mean to you?"' explained a 15-year veteran of the Police Department who, despite being a shop steward, resigned from the union rather than strike. 'It means a lot to me.'
  34. Cramer, Richard Ben (17 July 1974). "Pomerleau cancels police union right to bargain after officers end walkout: Force held to be back...". Baltimore Sun. pp. A1, A8.
  35. Cramer, Richard Ben (13 July 1974). "Situation seems calm". Baltimore Sun. pp. A1, A8. ProQuest 538944836.
  36. Staff Writers (13 July 1974). "State Police Ordered to Baltimore". Washington Post. pp. A1, A12. ProQuest 146141671. With television cameras and newsmen in tow, the caravan of 100 state police cruisers, led by a 5-ton tractor-trailer carrying two screen-covered jeeps, moved toward the Baltimore city line, blue lights flashing on the cruisers. 'It looks like they're going to war,' said a young woman onlooker.
  37. Franklin, Ben A. (13 July 1974). "TROOPERS PATROL BALTIMORE TO BAR RENEWED UNREST: Mandel Also Alerts Guard—Union Says Half of Police Have Joined Walkout". New York Times. pp. 1, 28. ProQuest 120103597.
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  39. Baylor, Peter N. (13 July 1974). "Troopers patrol Baltimore". Bryan Times. UPI. Retrieved 4 August 2012. A 115-man state police force, including 10 canine units, was ordered into the city Friday by Gov. Marvin Mandel to help prevent violence and looting.
  40. Cramer, Richard Ben (14 July 1974). "Police union, Rapanotti fined $35,000 a day". Baltimore Sun. pp. A1, A3. ProQuest 538976784.
  41. Cramer, Richard Ben (18 July 1974). "Police local vows to fight reprisals". Baltimore Sun. pp. C1, C2. ProQuest 538955550.
  42. Franklin, Ben A. (15 July 1974). "Striking Baltimore Police Told to Work or Lose Jobs". New York Times. pp. 1, 12. ProQuest 120103725. Police Commissioner Donald D. Pomerleau announced tonight that striking policemen would be dismissed unless they returned to work immediately. The statement of 'no general amnesty' by the Commissioner came at a news conference...
  43. Richard Ben Cramer; Tom Horton (15 July 1974). "Analysis: Union sources expect pay increase in city". Baltimore Sun. pp. A1, A8. ProQuest 538958921. So pervasive is the international's control of the talks, in fact, that Thomas A. Rapanotti, the leader of Maryland's Police Council 27, was suspended from his union post during the early stages of the talks because he negotiated with city officials one afternoon without an international representative at his elbow. [...] The national union is currently the fastest-growing labor organization in the country, adding about 1,000 to its 700,000 national membership each week. Police, largely unorganized throughout the country, could be a major area for future expansion, but only if the Baltimore strike is a success.
  44. Charles A. Krause; Donald P. Baker (15 July 1974). "82 Striking Policemen Fired". Washington Post. ProQuest 146166145. Al Bilik, assistant to the president of the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME), of which the city's police local is a part, said, 'Amnesty is a condition of the negotiations.'
  45. Franklin, Ben A. (16 July 1974). "BALTIMORE ENDS ITS 15-DAY STRIKE: Municipal Pact Exceeds 6%—Police Still Seek Amnesty". New York Times. pp. 1, 22. ProQuest 119962186.
  46. Barbash, Fred (16 July 1974). "Baltimore Work Strike Ends". Washington Post. ProQuest 146160431. At a news conference tonight at the Lord Baltimore Hotel, Thomas J. Rapanotti, executive director of the police union, said acceptance of the police contract will be recommended at a union meeting at 9 a.m. Tuesday. He called the propose contract agreement 'a good one . . . that substantially improves the pay scale for Baltimore police. The members are going back to work once the agreement is understood and ratified.
  47. Donald P. Baker; Charles A. Krause (17 July 1974). "Baltimore Police Accept New Contract". Washington Post. pp. A1, A13. ProQuest 146162601. The press was barred from the 90-minute meeting, but it was learned that strong sentiment for acceptance of the contract developed only after eight union leaders repeatedly reassured the members that restoration of the 82 fired officers to their jobs would be given highest priority. The tension in the meeting room was heightened by the presence of 45 of the 82 dismissed officers, most of whom sat as a group in the front rows. 'No one on the floor was willing to stand up and say "let's accept this contract and go back to work"' said one union official who was in the room. He said the actual motion to accept the contract came from the leadership 'after everyone was permitted a chance to vent his emotions.
  48. "Pomerleau sets reprisal guidelines". Baltimore Sun. 5 August 1974. pp. C1, C2. ProQuest 539005109.
  49. "Pomerleau suspends 16 union officials". Baltimore Sun. 24 July 1974. p. C1. ProQuest 538925681. Sixteen patrolmen—all officials of the union which represented striking city policemen—were suspended from duty yesterday by the police commissioner, Donald D. Pomerleau. The suspensions removed from duty virtually all remaining officers of Local 1195 of the AMerican Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees as well as some members of its executive board.
  50. Krause, Charles A. (20 July 1974). "New City Worker Strikes Seen". Washington Post. pp. A4. ProQuest 146162729. Asked about the situation in Baltimore, where the city's police commissioner has fired 91 probation patrolmen and demoted more than 100 others who participated in the police strike, Wurf said that his union 'has a tradition of protecting its membership' and would do all that it could to get the men their jobs back.
  51. Rasmussen, Frederick N. (30 January 2003). "Thomas Rapanotti Sr., 74, union organizer". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 4 August 2012. In the wake of the strike, Mr. Rapanotti was fined $10,000 by the Circuit Court for failing to heed a court order ending the walkout. The union was similarly fined $25,000.
  52. Bopp, William J. Crises in Police Administration. Springfield , IL: Charles Thomas, 1984. Pg 72
  53. "Baltimore policre rebuffed on union". New York Times. 18 July 1974. Retrieved 5 August 2012. The Baltimore police commissioner has revoked the exclusive bargaining representation of the police union that led to a five-day strike here.
  54. Wagner, Philip (5 August 1974). "Baltimore's Head of Police Cuts Path In Strike Forest". Toledo Blade. p. 12. Retrieved 5 August 2012. There was no amnesty. First, the department's entire complement of probationary officers was fired. Then, pointing to the conditions of certification, the commissioner canceled the union's exclusive right to be bargaining agent. He also canceled the automatic check-off of union dues—a deadly blow since this is the gut stuff of unionism.
  55. Cramer, Richard Ben (23 August 1974). "Police union sues Mandel, Pomerleau". Baltimore Sun. p. C24. ProQuest 538902157. The suit, which seeks an injunction against anti-union activities by the two men, charges that Mr. Pomerleau and Mr. Mandel are 'threatening, intimidating, harassing, discriminating against [and] offering inducements to members of Local 1195 to force them to disassociate themselves from their union.' The complaint also alleged that Mr. Pomerleau, acting as the Governor's appointment, 'has illegally taped, photographed and spied upon' union officers and members.
  56. Struck, Doug (27 March 1982). "City agrees to bargaining with a police union". Baltimore Sun. ProQuest 538053552. The Baltimore city administration has agreed to collective bargaining with a city police union, the first formal bargaining with such a union since the 1974 police strike.
  57. "BALTIMORE POLICE FIGHT FOR UNION: Political Role Is Weight to Counteract Reprisals". New York Times. 28 July 1974. p. 32. ProQuest 119942499. Leaders of Baltimore's police union are struggling to keep their local alive despite reprisals by the city's police commissioner after the recent five-day strike. The last hope of Local 1195, Police Council 27, American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employes, is a reluctant Gov. Marvin Mandel.
  58. Walsh, Edward (2 Aug 1974). "Mandel Scores Union Chief's Strike Role". Washington Post. pp. A22. ProQuest 146153280. Facing a small revolt among some labor leaders in Maryland, Gov. Marvin Mandel accused a national union leader of 'irresponsible' interference in a police strike in Baltimore and said he would forego the union's support in this year's election rather than give into its demands.
  59. "Fired policemen sue union aides for $15 million". Baltimore Sun. 14 July 1977. ProQuest 541131876. Twenty former Baltimore city policemen, dismissed for striking the department in 1974, have filed a $15 million lawsuit charging their former union representatives with negligence and making false representation.
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