Balanced field takeoff

A balanced field takeoff is a condition where the accelerate-stop distance required (ASDR) is equal to the takeoff distance required (TODR) for the aircraft weight, engine thrust, aircraft configuration and runway condition.[1] For a given aircraft weight, engine thrust, aircraft configuration, and runway condition, the shortest runway length that complies with safety regulations is the balanced field length.[2][3]

The rejected takeoff initial actions speed V1, or critical engine-failure recognition speed (Vcef),[4] is the fastest speed at which the pilot must take the first actions to reject the takeoff (RTO). At speeds below V1 the aircraft may be brought to a halt before the end of the runway. At V1 the pilot must continue the takeoff even if an emergency is recognized.

To achieve a balanced field takeoff, engine power is selected to provide enough acceleration so that at the lowest possible speed to continue the takeoff the remaining necessary takeoff distance with one engine not working is equal to the remaining and necessary accelerate-stop distance.

The balanced field length is the shortest field length at which a balanced field takeoff can be performed.[5]

Factors affecting the balanced field length include:

  • the mass of the aircraft – higher mass results in slower acceleration and higher takeoff speed
  • engine thrust – affected by temperature and air pressure, but reduced thrust can also be deliberately selected by the pilot
  • density altitude – reduced air pressure or increased temperature increases minimum take off speed
  • aircraft configuration such as wing flap position
  • runway slope and runway wind component
  • runway conditions – a rough or soft field slows acceleration, a wet or icy field reduces braking

Calculation of the balanced field length traditionally involves relying on an expansion program model, where the various forces are evaluated as a function of speed, and step-wise integrated, using an estimate for V1. The process is iterated with different values for the engine failure speed until the accelerate-stop and accelerate-go distances are equal. This process suffers from the inherently slow and repetitive approach, which is also subject to round-off errors if the speed increment between the steps is not carefully selected, which could cause some issues in first principle aircraft performance models provided to airlines for day-to-day operations. Alternate approaches using a more mathematically complex but inherently more accurate and faster algebraic integration method have however been developed.[6]

Regulatory background

Aviation regulations, especially FAR 25 and CS-25 (for large passenger aircraft) require the takeoff distance and the accelerate-stop distance to be less than or equal to the available runway length, both with and without an engine failure assumed. The speed below which takeoff must be aborted upon engine failure is called V1. On longer runways a pilot can nominate a V1 within a range, but where the runway length is no longer than the balanced field length only one value for V1 will exist.

Landing and Takeoff Performance Monitoring Systems [7][8][9][10] are devices aimed at providing to the pilot information on the validity of the performance computation, and averting runway overruns that occur in situations not adequately addressed by the takeoff V-speeds concept.

Using the balanced field takeoff concept, V1 is the maximum speed in the takeoff at which the pilot must take the first action (e.g. reduce thrust, apply brakes, deploy speed brakes) to stop the airplane within the accelerate-stop distance and the minimum speed at which the takeoff can be continued and achieve the required height above the takeoff surface within the takeoff distance.

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See also

References
  1. V-speeds and Takeoff Performance #265,18,Balanced Field Takeoff (Balanced), archived from the original (ppt) on 27 February 2012, retrieved 8 July 2013
  2. Balanced field length, retrieved 22 September 2009
  3. Balanced field length, retrieved 22 September 2009
  4. MIL-STD-3013A
  5. "If we let A be the distance traveled by the airplane along the ground from the original starting point to the point where V1 is reached, and we let B be the additional distance traveled with an engine failure (the same distance to clear an obstacle or to brake to a stop), then the balanced field length is by definition the total distance A+B." Anderson, John D. Jr (1999), Aircraft Performance and Design, Section 6.7, McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-116010-8
  6. http://papers.sae.org/2013-01-2324/
  7. Chapter 6-5 Airborne Trailblazer Archived 29 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  8. Pinder, S.D., Takeoff Performance Monitoring in Far-Northern Regions: An Application of the Global Positioning System, doctoral thesis, University of Saskatchewan, 2002
  9. Srivatsan, R., Takeoff Performance Monitoring, doctoral thesis, University of Kansas, 1986
  10. Khatwa, R., The Development of a Takeoff Performance Monitor, doctoral thesis, University of Bristol, 1991
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