BBIN

The Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal (BBIN) Initiative is a subregional architecture of countries in Eastern South Asia, a subregion of South Asia. It meets through official representation of member states to formulate, implement and review quadrilateral agreements across areas such as water resources management, connectivity of power, transport, and infrastructure.[1]

BBIN
Member states shaded dark green.
Formalized
• SAGQ
14 May 1997
Area
• Total
3,621,298 km2 (1,398,191 sq mi)
Population
• 2014 estimate
1,465,236,000
GDP (PPP)2017 estimate
• Total
$10.646 trillion

Background

South Asian Growth Quadrangle

In light of economic interdependence demonstrated by "growth triangles" across Asia[2] and hitherto unheeded concerns of eastern subcontinent nations, its Council of Ministers in May 1996 approved a sub regional body of Nepal, Bhutan, north east India and Bangladesh as the South Asian Growth Quadrangle (SAGQ).[3] A Malé summit one year later agreed to co-ordinate efforts catered "to the special individual needs of three or more Member States,"[4] and formalised procedures focused on the subcontinent's north east to develop intra-regional trade and investment, tourism, communication, and energy resources. Particular areas of collaboration were targeted to channel growth and complementarity.[5]

As the mechanism operated through specific projects, constituent members endeavoured to integrate without requiring alteration in broader policy or methods of governance. It sought to impel the subregion's latent socio economic potential, harnessing disparate stages of development to augment each other. Borders of member states rest within 50 kilometres of Siliguri, ergo contiguous norms, tradition and lifestyle amongst inhabitants underscore the importance of an integrated market.[3] Considerable emphasis was placed upon power trading between naturally abundant and energy-scarce localities to address the impact of shortages on industrial production, reverse consequently depressed rates of growth, reduce transmission and distribution losses through interconnected grids, and provide needed revenue for upstream nations with adverse balance of payments. However, the benefits of such trade remain untapped in the absence of concerted strategy to remove barriers.[6]

Over years its objectives expanded to incorporate land and port connectivity. Procurement of funds for this purpose was discussed at ADB headquarters, Manila, where formulation of the South Asia Sub regional Economic Cooperation (SASEC) Program within auspices of ADB concluded in March 2001. The formation worked toward economic synergy through arterial channels of trade and cross border initiatives. For instance, to link West Bengal and remote north eastern states through Bangladesh by rail, highway and maritime corridors, alongside north-south transport routes that span Nepal, Bhutan and Indian hill states to northern Bay of Bengal ports. These grids would then bridge extraneous regions throughout member states and beyond eastwards.[3] With accession of Maldives and Sri Lanka to SASEC in March 2014, notions of quadripartite integration appeared subsumed or rendered dormant.


Informal discussions led to renewed consensus on sub regional ties outside bilateral agreements, owing partly to continued failure of extant systems.[7] A November 2014 Kathmandu summit saw endorsement of an accord on land transport by regional states, apart from one country's reservations causing it to fall through. The subsequent Summit Declaration reiterated sub regional steps as contributory to wider connectedness. A framework for co-operation was subsequently drawn, with the first quaternary Joint Working Group (JWG) meeting in January 2015.[8][9]

Framework and implications

Through regular JWG sessions, representatives explore avenues of co-operation, exchange experiences and best practices, review data sharing arrangements for disaster forecasts and mitigation, besides strengthening transit facilitation measures such as shared border stations on key routes and harmonised customs procedures.[10] The priority of "connectivity"[11] further embodies seamless electrical grids, shared access to road, rail, air and port infrastructure, and ease of travel. To such ends, a sub regional Motor Vehicle Agreement that garnered assent in Thimphu[12] would allow buses and later private vehicles with BBIN permits to travel unobstructed by border hindrances.[13][14] Although manifestly of economic intent, the diplomatic weight accorded to this structure as opposed to alternatives in a region considered least integrated,[15] was seen to connote purpose beyond interwoven commerce.[16]

Member states
Country Population[17][18]
(2018)		 GDP
(PPP)
(bn)		 GDP per Capita
(PPP)		 GDP Growth Rate
(2014)		 Foreign Exchange Reserves (bn) Literacy Rate (Given age & above) Primary School Enrollment[19] Secondary School Enrollment[20] Life Expectancy
(years)
 Bangladesh161,376,708$572.6$3,5816.2%$24.0757.7% (age 15)92%54%70
 Bhutan754,388$6.3$8,1586.4%$1.18[21]52.8% (age 15)91%78%68
 India1,352,642,280$9,596.6$7,2667.6%$402.5678.4% (age 7)94%69%67
   Nepal28,095,714$70.7$2,4885.5%$5.4466% (age 15)98%67%68

Data sourced from the International Monetary Fund, current as of April 2015, and is given in US dollars.

Meetings of Joint Working Groups
DateHostRepresentation
18–19 April 2013Dhaka,  BangladeshAmbassador, Ministry Directors[22][23]
30–31 January 2015Delhi,  IndiaJoint Secretaries[1]
19–20 January 2016Dhaka,  BangladeshForeign Affairs Joint Secretaries[24][25]

Motor Vehicle Agreement

India proposed a SAARC Motor Vehicle Agreement during the 18th SAARC summit in Kathmandu in November 2014. Due to objections from Pakistan, an agreement could not be reached. India instead pursued a similar motor vehicle agreement with the BBIN. The BBIN Motor Vehicles Agreement (MVA) was signed on 15 June 2015 at the BBIN transport ministers meeting in Thimpu, Bhutan.[26][27] The agreement will permit the member states to ply their vehicles in each other's territory for transportation of cargo and passengers, including third country transport and personal vehicles. Each vehicle would require an electronic permit to enter another country's territory, and border security arrangement between nations' borders will also remain.[28] Cargo vehicles will be able to enter any of the four nations without the need for trans-shipment of goods from one country's truck to another's at the border. Under the system, cargo vehicles are tracked electronically, permits are issued online and sent electronically to all land ports. Vehicles are fitted with an electronic seal that alerts regulators every time the container door is opened.[27]

DHL Global Forwarding was appointed by the Indian government to carry out a pilot run under the agreement. The first cargo truck to take advantage of the motor vehicle agreement was flagged off from Kolkata on 1 November 2015. The truck travelled 640 kms to reach Agartala via Dhaka. Prior to the signing of the BBIN Motor Vehicle Agreement, the truck would have had to travel 1550 km through Indian territory to reach Agartala. Officials cited this as an example of the time and cost savings that the BBIN Motor Vehicle Agreement would bring.[27] In August 2016, Bangladesh dispatched a truck carrying garments from Dhaka to New Delhi as part of a trial run of the agreement.[29] The truck received an electronic permit to enter Indian territory through an online web-based system. Instead of having to undergo customs clearance and formalities as it would prior to the agreement, the truck was fitted with an electronic seal with a GPS tracking device. The truck was then inspected for custom clearance at New Delhi, rather than at the border.[30]

The agreement will enter into force after it is ratified by all four member nations. The agreement has been ratified by Bangladesh, India and Nepal. The lower house of the Bhutanese parliament approved the agreement in early 2016, but it was rejected by the upper house in November 2016.[28] Bhutan has requested for a cap to be fixed on the number of vehicles entering its territory.[31] In May 2017, media reports stated that the Bhutanese government had told the Indian government to proceed with the agreement without Bhutan as the Bhutanese government was unable to ratify the agreement in the upper house due to objections from opposition parties.[32] Opponents of the measure in Bhutan claimed that the agreement would increase vehicular traffic from the other nations which would affect Bhutanese truckers and also cause environmental damage. An existing bilateral agreement between Bhutan and India already permits seamless vehicle movement between the two countries. Therefore, Bhutan's decision to not ratify the BBIN MVA would only affect its trade with Nepal and Bangladesh. The Bhutanese government requested the other BBIN members to proceed with the agreement and also clarified that it would attempt to ratify the MVA after the country held general elections in 2018. Due to strained relations between Bhutan and Nepal, the Tshering Tobgay-led government feared that permitting Nepalese trucks to enter Bhutan would upset the electorate.[33] India described Bhutan's decision as a "setback" and not a "rejection" of the agreement stating that it was natural that all members could not proceed at the same pace, and that India would continue its engagement with Bhutan on the issue.[34][35]

In December 2018, Bhutanese Foreign Minister Tandi Dorji stated that the new government would reconsider the motor vehicle agreement noting that Bhutanese trucks were facing difficulties entering Bangladesh while trucks from India and Nepal were afforded easy access.[36] At the second Foreign Office Consultations (FOC) between Bangladesh and Bhutan in Dhaka in March 2019, Bangladeshi Foreign Secretary M. Shahidul Haque stressed the importance of Bhutan ratifying the agreement calling it "crucial" for the future development of the region.[37]

Recent developments

India approved $1.08 Billion for construction and upgradation of 558 kilometres (347 mi) long roads that join Bangladesh, Bhutan and Nepal. The project will receive 50% funding from Asian Development Bank. The project is scheduled to be completed by 2018. It is estimated that this project will increase the regional trade by 60% while that with rest of the world by 30%.[38]

gollark: I just had the raffle status thing update with no egg, so obviously no win.
gollark: There's always next month to lose!
gollark: To be honest I'd expect it to be quite likely for someone here to get a prize.
gollark: In 5 hours I'll be able to enter the next raffle and get *another* one.
gollark: Yay, invisiprize!

See also

References
  1. "India explores scope for power trade with Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal". Economic Times. 31 January 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  2. Refer to the SIJORI, Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand or South China Growth Triangle.
  3. Ahluwalia, Isher Judge. "Economic Cooperation in South Asia" (PDF). JICA Research Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
  4. "Ninth SAARC Summit – The Malé Declaration" (PDF). Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
  5. Jain, Sonu. "Regional Cooperation in South Asia, India Perspectives" (PDF). World Bank. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
  6. "Impact and Benefits of Power Trading in the South Asia Growth Quadrangle" (PDF). South Asia Regional Initiative for Energy Cooperation and Development. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
  7. Pattanaik, Smruti S (9 June 2015). "Pegging Sub-regionalism with Bilateralism". The Daily Star. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  8. "Joint Press Release – The Second Joint Working Group (JWG) Meetings on Sub-Regional Cooperation between Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal (BBIN) in New Delhi (January 30–31, 2015)". MEA, Government of India. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  9. Kumar, Amit. "BBIN: Sub-Regionalism in the SAARC" (PDF). Indian Council of World Affairs. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  10. "BBIN emphasises power sharing between Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal". Nepal Energy Forum. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  11. "Modi takes jibes at Pakistan over scuttling SAARC connectivity, FCN". India Gazette. 8 June 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  12. Ramaswamy, Sridhar (21 June 2015). "A Boost to Sub-Regionalism in South Asia". The Diplomat. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
  13. "Straight Drive to B'desh, Bhutan Soon". The New Indian Express. 11 June 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  14. Law, Abhishek (1 November 2015). "BBIN motor vehicles agreement implemented". The Hindu Business Line. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  15. "Regional Integration in South Asia". World Bank. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  16. Sharma, Rajeev (11 June 2015). "Setting the tone for future". Arab News. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  17. ""World Population prospects – Population division"". population.un.org. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
  18. ""Overall total population" – World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision" (xslx). population.un.org (custom data acquired via website). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
  19. World Bank, Primary School Enrolment
  20. World Bank, Secondary School Enrolment
  21. Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan, Selected Economic Indicators December 2014 Archived 26 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  22. "Joint Press Statement on the 1st meeting of Bangladesh-Bhutan-India trilateral Joint Working Group on Connectivity and Transit". HCI, Dhaka. Archived from the original on 6 May 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  23. "Bangladesh-India-Bhutan meet in Dhaka Thursday, Friday". Bangladesh Business News. 16 April 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  24. "BBIN to talk rail project". The Kathmandu Post. 22 January 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  25. "Joint working groups BBIN sub-regional cooperation meetings held in Bangladesh". Xinhua News. 20 January 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  26. "Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal (BBIN) Motor Vehicle Agreement for the Regulation of Passenger, Personal and Cargo Vehicular Traffic amongst BBIN". pib.nic.in. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  27. Law, Abhishek (1 November 2015). "BBIN motor vehicles agreement implemented". The Hindu Business Line. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  28. "Bhutan's upper house blocks BBIN MVA pact: Is it a strategic setback for India?". Firstpost. 18 November 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  29. Roche, Elizabeth (29 August 2016). "Bangladesh dispatches truck to India in trial run part of BBIN motor vehicle pact". Mint. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  30. "BBIN pact: Cargo reaches Delhi from Bangladesh under trial run". The Hindu Business Line. 5 September 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  31. http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bhutan-blocks-india-s-ambitious-sub-regional-road-connectivity-plan/story-xyRlYCcvvpyFg8czANisIJ.html
  32. Roche, Elizabeth (7 May 2017). "India to redraw BBIN connectivity project as Bhutan opts out". Mint. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
  33. Bose, Pratim Ranjan (7 May 2017). "Bhutan says exit from BBIN motor vehicles pact is temporary". The Hindu Business Line. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
  34. "Bhutan snubs regional road pact; no setback, asserts India". The Assam Tribune. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
  35. "Bhutan delaying ratification of vehicle movement pact not a setback: India". The Indian Express. 3 May 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
  36. "Govt. to reconsider BBIN". KuenselOnline. Retrieved 29 March 2019.
  37. "Bhutanese PM due in Apr; instruments expected to be signed". UNB. 19 March 2019. Retrieved 29 March 2019.
  38. "Centre approves $1 billion Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Nepal road connectivity project". The News Minute. 18 September 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2016.

Further reading
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