Azon

AZON (or Azon), from "azimuth only", was one of the world's first guided weapons, deployed by the Allies and contemporary with the German Fritz X.

AZON
AZON, the first smart bomb developed by the United States.
TypeGuided bomb
Place of originUnited States
Service history
In service1944
Used byUnited States
WarsWorld War II
Specifications
MassVB-1: 1,000 pounds (450 kg)
VB-2: 2,000 pounds (910 kg)[1]
Operational
range
5,000 feet (1,500 m)
Guidance
system
MCLOS radio control system

Officially designated VB-1 ("Vertical Bomb 1"), it was invented by Major Henry J. Rand and Thomas J. O'Donnell during the latter stages of World War II as the answer to the difficult problem of destroying the narrow wooden bridges that supported much of the Burma Railway.

AZON was essentially a 1,000 lb (454 kg) general-purpose AN-M65 bomb with a quadrilateral 4-fin style radio controlled tail fin design as part of a "tail package" to give the desired guidance capability, allowing adjustment of the vertical trajectory in the yaw axis, giving the Azon unit a lateral steering capability (meaning it could only steer left and right, and could not alter its pitch or rate of fall). This lack of any pitch control meant that the bombardier still had to accurately release it with a bombsight to ensure it could not fall short of or beyond the target. The "tail package" bolted onto the standard bomb warhead, in place of the usual sheet-metal fixed fins; this concept was an early iteration of a now common method of making modern guided bombs (such as the JDAM, the Paveway family, the KAB-500L, etc.): making the guidance and control units as separate pieces that attach to the tail and/or nose of a standard "iron bomb", making it into a guided weapon. There were gyroscopes mounted in the bomb's added tail package that made it an Azon unit, to autonomously stabilize it in the roll axis via operating a pair of ailerons,[1] and a radio control system to operate the proportional-control rudders, to directly control the bomb's direction of lateral aim, with the antennas for the tail-mounted receiver unit built into the diagonal support struts of the tail surface assembly.[1] The bomb's receiver and control system were powered by a battery which had around three minutes of battery life. The entire setup in the added "tail package" was sufficient to guide the weapon from a 5,000-foot (1,500 m) drop height to the target. Situated on the tail of the bomb was a 600,000-candela flare which also left behind a noticeable smoke trail, to enable the bombardier to observe and control it from the control aircraft. When used in combat, it was dropped from a modified Consolidated B-24 Liberator, with earlier development test drops of the Azon in the United States sometimes using the B-17 Flying Fortress as the platform.[1] Some ten crews, of the 458th Bombardment Group, based at RAF Horsham St Faith, were trained to drop the device for use in the European theater.

The ability to only control the path of the bomb in the azimuth direction, made AZON bombs most suitable for long and narrow targets, such as bridges or railways. A disadvantage of using an AZON bomb was that after a bomb was dropped the bomber could not break way immediately because the bombardier had to keep the bomb in view so he could guide it. The bombardier used a BC-1156 joystick control to adjust the course left or right. The directional commands were sent to the guidance package via a special-purpose radio system.[2]

The 493rd Bomb Squadron[3] also dropped Azon bombs in Burma in early 1945 from similarly-modified B-24s, based at Pandaveswar Airfield, India, with considerable success, fulfilling the designers' original purpose for the ordnance.

Azon operations
Components of Azon
Azon Operations in Europe by the Eighth Air Force, June–September 1944[4][5][6]
Target Date Result
Melun June 8, 1944 Mission 400: an attack on the Melun bridge by an Azon unit is foiled by clouds.
Ham-sur-Somme June 14, 1944 Mission 412: 7 of 15 B-24s hit the bridge over the Somme at Ham and 5 use Azon bombs against targets of opportunity; no losses.
Étaples June 15, 1944 Mission 414: 12 B-24s use Azon bombs against Étaples railroad bridge and 7 others use the bombs against the Pecrone railroad bridge.
Saumur June 22, 1944 Mission 432: 9 of 10 B-24s use Azon bombs against the Saumur Bridge.
Esternay August 17, 1944 Mission 558: 10 B-24s are dispatched to drop Azon bombs on the Les Foulons rail bridge near Esternay but the mission is abandoned due to deteriorating weather.
Moerdijk August 25, 1944 Mission 571: 10 of 10 B-24s fly an Azon bomb mission to attack railroad bridge at Moerdijk, Netherlands but the target is missed by all 40 bombs launched.
Moerdijk August 26, 1944 Mission 577: a second attempt on the Moerdijk rail bridge is made with 9 aircraft, but clouds prevent an attack.
Ravenstein September 1, 1944 Mission 597: 12 of 12 Azon-equipped B-24s hit the Ravenstein rail bridge in the Netherlands, without loss.
Hemmingstedt & Kropp September 13, 1944 Mission 629: 6 of 11 B-24s dispatched on an Azon mission attacked the Hemmingstedt oil refinery and 5 hit the secondary target, ammunition dumps at Kropp. Operation Aphrodite guided bombs also attacked Hemmingstedt the next day.
The bombardier used the joystick on the BC-1156 control lever to adjust the direction of the bomb to the left or right.
gollark: Correctness is correct. Floats are mostly okayish.
gollark: I think you mean "5 haskell programmers".
gollark: Then you can use ints and get confused when you forget to multiply by a hundred or whatever in the UI.
gollark: In most use cases, you don't hit the 0.300000000004y level of necessary accuracy, which makes it mostly fine.
gollark: I mean, given that base 10 is what we use, it's quite important that computers can handle it correctly.

See also

References
  1. United States Office of Strategic Services (1943). WW2: Azon (1943) Radio-Controlled Dive Bomb (YouTube). The Digital Implosion. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
  2. Frantiska, Joseph, Jr. (2018-12-07). "The Azimuth "Smart" Bombs of World War II". Retrieved 2019-01-21.
  3. Marion. "Old China Hands, Tales & Stories – The Azon Bomb". oldchinahands. Archived from the original on March 6, 2012. Retrieved March 20, 2012.
  4. "8th Air Force 1944 Chronicles". Archived from the original on September 12, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-25. June , July Archived 2008-03-03 at Archive.today, August, September
  5. "8th Air Force Historical Society". Archived from the original on 2010-10-18. Retrieved 2011-02-11.
  6. 458th Bombardment Group Website
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