Atahualpa

Atahualpa (/ˌætəˈwɑːlpə/), Atawallpa (Quechua), also Atabalica,[5][6] Atahuallpa, Atabalipa (in Hispanicized spellings)(c. 1502–26 July 1533) was the last Inca Emperor. After defeating his brother, Atahualpa became very briefly the last Sapa Inca (sovereign emperor) of the Inca Empire (Tawantinsuyu) before the Spanish conquest ended his reign.

This article is about the Inca emperor. For a mountain in the Cusco Region, Peru, see Atawallpa (Cusco). For the Bolivian province, see Atahuallpa Province.

Atahualpa
Sapa Inca (13th)
Portrait of Atahualpa by an unknown artist from the Cusco School Currently located in the Ethnological Museum of Berlin, Germany
Reign	Sapa Inca (1532–1533)
Predecessor	Huáscar
Successor	Túpac Huallpa
Born	c. 1502 Discussed: Cuzco, Quito[1] or Caranqui[2][3]
Died	26 July 1533 (aged 31)[4] Cajamarca, Peru
Burial	29 August 1533 Cajamarca, Peru
Consort	Coya Asarpay
Quechua	Atawallpa
Dynasty	Hanan Cuzco
Father	Huayna Cápac – Inca Emperor
Mother	Discussed: Tocto Ocllo Coca Paccha Duchicela Túpac Palla

Before the Inca Emperor Huayna Capac died in Quito in 1524 (possibly due to smallpox, a disease brought by Europeans), he had appointed his son Ninan Cuyochi as his successor. Ninan died of the same disease. The Cusquenian nobles named Huáscar (another son of Huayna) as Sapa Inca, and he appointed his brother Atahualpa as governor of Quito. The Inca Civil War began in 1529 when Huáscar declared war on Atahualpa, for fear that he would try to carry out a coup d'état against him. Atahualpa became Inca emperor in May 1532 after he had defeated and imprisoned Huáscar and massacred any pretenders to the throne.

The Spaniard Francisco Pizarro captured Atahualpa in November 1532 and used him to control the Inca Empire. While imprisoned by the Spaniards, Atahualpa gave orders to kill Huáscar in Jauja, thinking Huáscar would use the Spaniards as allies to regain his throne.[7]

The Spanish eventually executed Atahualpa, effectively ending the empire. A succession of emperors, who led the Inca resistance against the invading Spaniards, claimed the title of Sapa Inca as rulers of the Neo-Inca State, but the empire began to disintegrate after Atahualpa's death.

Pre-conquest

Throughout the Inca Empire's history, each Sapa Inca worked to expand the territory of the empire. When Pachacuti, the 9th Sapa Inca ruled, he expanded the Empire to northern Peru.[8] At this point, Pachacuti sent his son Tupac Inca Yupanqui to invade and conquer the territory of present-day Ecuador.[9] News of the expansion of the Inca reached the different tribes and nations of Ecuador. As a defense against the Inca, the Andean chiefdoms formed alliances with each other.

Around 1460, Tupac Inca Yupanqui, with an army of 200,000 warriors that were sent by his father, easily gained control of the Palta nation in southern Ecuador and northern Peru in a matter of months.[9] However, the Inca army met fierce resistance from the defending Cañari, which left the Incas so impressed that after they were defeated the Cañari were recruited into the Inca army. In northern Ecuador the Inca army met fiercer resistance from an alliance between the Quitus and the Cañari. After defeating them in the battle of Atuntaqui, Tupac Yupanqui sent settlers to what is now the city of Quito and left as governor Chalco Mayta, belonging to the Inca nobility.[10]

Around 1520, the tribes of Quitos, Caras and Puruhá rebelled against the Inca Huayna Cápac. He personally led his army, and defeated the rebels in the battle of Laguna de Yahuarcocha where there was such a massacre that the lake turned to blood. The alliance of the northern tribes collapsed and finally ended when Huayna Cápac married Paccha Duchicela, queen of the Quitos, making them recognize him as monarch, this marriage was the basis of the alliance that guaranteed the Inca power in the area.[11]

After Huayna Capac died in 1525, Atahualpa was appointed governor of Quito by his brother Huáscar.[12] Atahualpa defeated Huáscar's armies, sent because the Inca thought his brother could overthrow him, and in the process conquered and ruled the Inca Empire as Sapa Inca. His rule lasted only a few months before he was captured by the army of Francisco Pizarro, who sided with the Cuzco supporters of the executed Inca Huáscar. The Spanish conquerors executed Atahualpa in July 1533.

Inca Civil War

Main article: Inca Civil War

Huáscar saw Atahualpa as the greatest threat to his power, but did not dethrone him to respect the wishes of his late father.[13] A tense five-year peace ensued, Huáscar took advantage of that time to get the support of the Cañari, a powerful ethnic group that dominated extensive territories of the north of the empire and maintained grudges against Atahualpa, who had fought them during his father's campaigns. By 1529, the relationship between both brothers was quite deteriorated. According to the chronicler Pedro Pizarro, Huáscar sent an army to the North that ambushed Atahualpa in Tumebamba and defeated him. Atahualpa was captured and imprisoned in a “tambo” (roadside shelters built for the Chasqui) but succeeded in escaping. During his time in captivity, he was cut and lost an ear. From then on, he wore a headpiece that fastened under his chin to hide the injury. But, the chronicler Miguel Cabello de Balboa said that this story of capture was improbable because if Atahualpa had been captured by Huáscar's forces, they would have executed him immediately.[14]

Atahualpa returned to Quito and amassed a great army. He attacked the Cañari of Tumebamba, defeating its defenses and leveling the city and the surrounding lands. He arrived in Tumbes, from which he planned an assault by rafts on the island Puná. During the naval operation, Atahualpa sustained a leg injury and returned to land. Taking advantage of his retreat, the "punaneños" (inhabitants of Puña) attacked Tumbes. They destroyed the city, leaving it in the ruined state recorded by the Spaniards in early 1532.

From Cuzco the Huascarites attacked the armies of general Atoc and defeated Atahualpa in the battle of Chillopampa. The Atahualapite generals responded quickly; they gathered together their scattered troops, counter-attacked, and forcefully defeated Atoc in Mulliambato. They captured Atoc, and later tortured and killed him.

The Atahualapite forces continued to be victorious, as a result of the strategic abilities of Quisquis and Calcuchimac. Atahualpa began a slow advance on Cuzco. While based in Marcahuamachuco, he sent an emissary to consult the oracle of the Huaca (a god) Catequil, who prophesied that Atahualpa's advance would end poorly. Furious at the prophecy, Atahualpa went to the sanctuary, killed the priest, and ordered the temple to be destroyed.[15] During this period, he first learned that Pizarro and his expedition had arrived in the empire.[16]

Atahualpa's leading generals were Quizquiz, Chalkuchimac, and Rumiñawi. In April 1532, Quizquiz and his companions led the armies of Atahualpa to victory in the battles of Mullihambato, Chimborazo and Quipaipan. The Battle of Quipaipan was the final one between the warring brothers. Quizquiz and Chalkuchimac defeated Huáscar's army, captured him, killed his family, and seized the capital, Cuzco. Atahualpa had remained behind in the Andean city of Cajamarca,[17] where he encountered the Spanish, led by Pizarro.[18]

Spanish conquest

Emperor Atahualpa during the Battle of Cajamarca

In January 1531, a Spanish expedition led by Francisco Pizarro, on a mission to conquer the Inca Empire, landed on Puná Island. Pizarro brought with him 169 men and 69 horses.[19] The Spaniards headed south and occupied Tumbes, where they heard about the civil war that Huáscar and Atahualpa were waging against each other.[20] About a year and a half later, in September 1532, after reinforcements arrived from Spain, Pizarro founded the city of San Miguel de Piura, and then marched towards the heart of the Inca Empire, with a force of 106 foot-soldiers and 62 horsemen.[21] Atahualpa, in Cajamarca with his army of 80,000 troops, heard that this party of strangers was advancing into the empire, and sent an Inca noble to investigate.[22] The noble stayed for two days in the Spanish camp, making an assessment of the Spaniards' weapons and horses. Atahualpa decided that the 168 Spaniards were not a threat to him and his 80,000 troops, so he sent word inviting them to visit Cajamarca and meet him, expecting to capture them.[23] Pizarro and his men thus advanced unopposed through some very difficult terrain. They arrived at Cajamarca on 15 November 1532.[24]

Atahualpa and his army had camped on a hill just outside Cajamarca. He was staying in a building close to the Konoj hot springs, while his soldiers were in tents set up around him.[25] When Pizarro arrived in Cajamarca, the town was mostly empty except for a few hundred acllas. The Spaniards were billeted in certain long buildings on the main plaza, and Pizarro sent an embassy to the Inca, led by Hernando de Soto. The group consisted of 15 horsemen and an interpreter; shortly thereafter de Soto sent 20 more horsemen as reinforcements in case of an Inca attack. These were led by Francisco Pizarro's brother, Hernando Pizarro.[26]

The Spaniards invited Atahualpa to visit Cajamarca to meet Pizarro, which he resolved to do the following day.[27] Meanwhile, Pizarro was preparing an ambush to trap the Inca: while the Spanish cavalry and infantry were occupying three long buildings around the plaza, some musketeers and four pieces of artillery were located in a stone structure in the middle of the square.[28] The plan was to persuade Atahualpa to submit to the authority of the Spaniards and, if this failed, there were two options: a surprise attack, if success seemed possible, or to keep up a friendly stance if the Inca forces appeared too powerful.[29]

Atahualpa, Fourteenth Inca 18th century painting by the Cusco School, (Brooklyn Museum)

The following day, Atahualpa left his camp at midday, preceded by a large number of men in ceremonial attire; as the procession advanced slowly, Pizarro sent his brother Hernando to invite the Inca to enter Cajamarca before nightfall.[30] Atahualpa entered the town late in the afternoon in a litter carried by eighty lords; with him were four other lords in litters and hammocks and 5,000–6,000 men carrying small battle axes, slings, and pouches of stones underneath their clothes.[31] "He was very drunk from what he had imbibed in the [thermal] baths before leaving as well as what he had taken during the many stops on the road. In each of them he had drunk well. And even there on his litter he requested drink."[32] The Inca found no Spaniards in the plaza, as they were all inside the buildings. The only man to emerge was the Dominican friar Vincente de Valverde with an interpreter.[33]

Although there are different accounts as to what Valverde said, most agree that he invited the Inca to come inside to talk and dine with Pizarro. Atahualpa instead demanded the return of every thing the Spaniards had taken since they landed.[34] According to eyewitness accounts, Valverde spoke about the Catholic religion but did not deliver the requerimiento, a speech requiring the listener to submit to the authority of the Spanish Crown and accept the Christian faith.[35] At Atahualpa's request, Valverde gave him his breviary but, after a brief examination, the Inca threw it to the ground; Valverde hurried back toward Pizarro, calling on the Spaniards to attack.[36] At that moment, Pizarro gave the signal; the Spanish infantry and cavalry came out of their hiding places and charged the unsuspecting Inca retinue, killing a great number while the rest fled in panic.[37] Pizarro led the charge on Atahualpa, but captured him only after killing all those carrying him and turning over his litter.[38] Not a single Spanish soldier was killed.

Prison and execution

On 17 November the Spaniards sacked the Inca army camp, in which they found great treasures of gold, silver, and emeralds. Noticing their lust for precious metals, Atahualpa offered to fill a large room about 22 feet (6.7 m) long and 17 feet (5.2 m) wide up to a height of 8 feet (2.4 m) once with gold and twice with silver within two months.[39] It is commonly believed that Atahualpa offered this ransom to regain his freedom, but Hemming says that he did so to save his life. None of the early chroniclers mention any commitment by the Spaniards to free Atahualpa once the metals were delivered.[40]

Funeral of Atahualpa, the last Sapa Inca, on 26 July 1533 (Luis Montero)

After several months in fear of an imminent attack from general Rumiñahui, the outnumbered Spanish considered Atahualpa to be too much of a liability and decided to execute him. Pizarro staged a mock trial and found Atahualpa guilty of revolting against the Spanish, practicing idolatry, and murdering Huáscar, his brother. Atahualpa was sentenced to death by burning at the stake. He was horrified, since the Inca believed that the soul would not be able to go on to the afterlife if the body were burned. Friar Vincente de Valverde, who had earlier offered his breviary to Atahualpa, intervened, telling Atahualpa that, if he agreed to convert to Catholicism, the friar could convince Pizarro to commute the sentence.[41] Atahualpa agreed to be baptized into the Catholic faith. He was given the name Francisco Atahualpa in honor of Francisco Pizarro.

On the morning of his death, Atahualpa was interrogated by his Spanish captors about his birthplace. Atahualpa declared that his birthplace was in what the Incas called the Kingdom of Quito, in a place called Caranqui (today located 2 km southeast of Ibarra, Ecuador). Most chroniclers suggest that Atahualpa was born in what the Incas used to call the Kingdom of Quito, though other stories suggest various other birthplaces.[42]

In accordance with his request, he was executed by strangling with a garrote on 26 July 1533.[lower-alpha 1] His clothes and some of his skin were burned, and his remains were given a Christian burial.[43] Atahualpa was succeeded by his brother Túpac Huallpa, and later by another brother, Manco Inca.[44]

Legacy

After the death of Pizarro, Inés Yupanqui, the favorite sister of Atahualpa, who had been given to Pizarro in marriage by her brother, married a Spanish cavalier named Ampuero and left for Spain. They took her daughter by Pizarro with them, and she was later legitimized by imperial decree. Francisca Pizarro Yupanqui married her uncle Hernando Pizarro in Spain, on 10 October 1537—they had a son, Francisco Pizarro y Pizarro. The Pizarro line survived Hernando's death, although it is extinct in the male line. Among Inés direct descendants, with Inca royal blood flowing in their veins, at least three governed Latin American nations during the 19th and early 20th centuries, Dominican President José Desiderio Valverde and Bolivian Presidents Pedro José Domingo de Guerra and Jose Gutierrez Guerra. Pizarro's third son, by a relative of Atahualpa renamed Angelina, who was never legitimized, died shortly after reaching Spain.[45] Another relative, Catalina Capa-Yupanqui, who died in 1580, married a Portuguese nobleman named António Ramos, son of António Colaço. Their daughter was Francisca de Lima who married Álvaro de Abreu de Lima, who was also a Portuguese nobleman.

In Quito, Ecuadorian Capital city, the most important soccer stadium is named Estadio Atahualpa after Atahualpa.

On the facade of the Royal Palace of Madrid there is a statue of the Inca emperor Atahualpa, along with another of the Aztec emperor Moctezuma II, among the statues of the kings of the ancient kingdoms that formed Spain.

Inkarri

Main article: Inkarri

A myth concerning Atahualpa's death and future resurrection became widespread among indigenous groups, with versions of the tale being documented as far as among the Huilliche people of southern Chile.[46] A rare version recorded by Tom Dillehay among the Mapuche of Araucanía tells of Atahualpa killing Pedro de Valdivia.[46]

Remains

The burial site of Atahualpa is unknown, but historian Tamara Estupiñán argues it lies somewhere in modern-day Ecuador.[47] She argues he was buried in Ecuador for safekeeping. The location is named Malqui-Machay, which in Quechua translates to "mummy",[48] and stone walls and trapezoidal underground water canals were found in this location. More serious archaeological excavation needs to be done to confirm Estupiñán's beliefs.

In popular culture

Atahualpa Inca's conflict with Pizarro was dramatized by Peter Shaffer in his play The Royal Hunt of the Sun, which originally was staged by the National Theatre in 1964 at the Chichester Festival then in London at the Old Vic. The role of Atahualpa was played by Robert Stephens and by David Carradine (who received a Tony Award nomination) in the 1965 Broadway production.[49] Christopher Plummer portrayed Atahualpa in the 1969 movie version of the play.[50]

Ancestors

Ancestors of Atahualpa
16. Viracocha of Inca Empire 8. Pachacuti of Inca Empire 17. Runtu 4. Thupaq Yupanki of Inca Empire 9. Anahuarque 2. Huayna Capac of Inca Empire 20. Viracocha of Inca Empire 10. Pachacuti of Inca Empire 21. Runtu 5. Mama Ukllu 11. Anahuarque 1. Atahualpa of Inca Empire

Notes

1. Some sources indicate Atahualpa was named after St. John the Baptist and killed on 29 August, the feast day of John the Baptist's beheading. Later research has proven this account to be incorrect.[4]

References

Citations

1. Kauffmann Doig 1970.
2. Hewett 1968, p. 171.
3. Veatch 1917, p. 60.
4. Hemming 1993, p. 557, footnote 78.
5. Andagoya, Pascual de. "Narrative of the Proceedings of Pedrarias Davila". The Hakluyt Society. Retrieved 21 June 2019 – via Wikisource.
6. Viages menores, y los de Vespucio; Poblaciones en el Darien, suplemento al tomo II (in Spanish). 1829. pp. 426–.
7. Hemming 1993, p. 28.
8. Rostworowski 2001, p. 80.
9. Rostworowski 2001, p. 199.
10. Rostworowski 1998.
11. Sosa Freire 1996, pp. 39-40.
12. Espinoza Soriano 1997, p. 105.
13. Herrera Cuntti 2004, p. 405.
14. Pease García-Yrigoyen 1972, p. 97.
15. Quilter 2014, p. 280.
16. Bauer 2005, pp. 4–8.
17. Prescott 1892, pp. 312–317.
18. Prescott 1892, p. 364.
19. Hemming1993.
20. Hemming 1993, pp. 28–29.
21. Hemming 1993, p. 29.
22. Hemming 1993, pp. 31–32.
23. Hemming 1993, p. 32.
24. Hemming 1993, pp. 32–33.
25. Hemming 1993, pp. 33, 35.
26. Hemming 1993, pp. 34–35.
27. Hemming 1993, p. 36.
28. Hemming 1993, p. 39.
29. Hemming 1993, pp. 38–39.
30. Hemming 1993, p. 40.
31. Hemming 1993, pp. 40–41.
32. De Betanzos 1996, p. 263.
33. Hemming 1993, p. 41.
34. Hemming 1993, p. 42.
35. Hemming 1993, pp. 42, 534.
36. Hemming 1993, pp. 42, 534–35.
37. Hemming 1993, pp. 42–43.
38. Hemming 1993, p. 43.
39. Hemming 1993, pp. 39–40.
40. Hemming 1993, pp. 49, 536.
41. DK. Explorers: Tales of Endurance and Exploration.
42. Guevara 1995.
43. Hemming 1993, p. 79. "Traitor Ruminaui hearing of the Inca's death fled to Quito where the remaining hoard of the Kings ransom gold was kept in trust by Quilliscacha who now on Atahualpa last wishes was now Inca, but was killed by Ruminaui. Ruminaui killed the Royal Inca descendants for his own greed."
44. Prescott 1892, pp. 438, 447, 449.
45. Prescott 1847, p. 111.
46. Ajens, Andrés (2017). "Conexiones huilliche-altoperuanas en el ciclo de Atahualpa". MERIDIONAL Revista Chilena de Estudios Latinoamericanos (in Spanish) (8): 153–188.
47. "Atahualpa, Last Inca Emperor". Archaeology. 16 July 2013.
48. Caselli, Irene (12 May 2012). "Ecuador searches for Inca emperor's tomb". BBC News. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
49. The Royal Hunt of the Sun at the Internet Broadway Database
50. The Royal Hunt of the Sun at AllMovie

Bibliography

• Bauer, Ralph (2005). An Inca Account of the Conquest of Peru. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Brundage, Burr Cartwright (1963). Empire of the Inca. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 9780806119243.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• De Betanzos, Juan (1996). Narrative of the Incas. Translated by Hamilton, Roland; Buchanan, Dana. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292755598.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Espinoza Soriano, Waldemar (1997). Los Incas (in Spanish). Lima: Amaru Editores.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Guevara, Hugo Burgos (1 January 1995). El Guaman, el puma y el amaru: formación estructural del gobierno indígena en Ecuador. Editorial Abya Yala.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Hemming, John (1993). The Conquest of the Incas. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0333106830.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Herrera Cuntti, Arístides (2004). Divagaciones históricas en la web (in Spanish). 2. Chincha: AHC Ediciones. ISBN 9789972290824.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Hewett, Edgar Lee (1968). Ancient Andean Life. Biblo & Tannen Publishers. ISBN 9780819602046. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
• Kauffmann Doig, Federico (1970). Arqueologia Peruana [Peruvian archaeology]. Lima.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Pease García-Yrigoyen, Franklin (1972). Los Últimos Incas del Cuzco [The Last Incas of Cuzco] (in Spanish). Lima, Perú: Instituto Nacional de Cultura. p. 97.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Prescott, William H. (1847). History of the Conquest of Peru. 2. Harper and Brothers.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Prescott, William H. (1892). History of the Conquest of Peru. 1. D. McKay.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Prescott, William H. (13 October 1998). The Discovery and Conquest of Peru. Modern Library. ISBN 9780679603047.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Quilter, Jeffrey (2014). The Ancient Central Andes. Oxon, UK: Routledge. p. 280.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Rostworowski, Maria (1998). History of the Inca Realm. Translated by Iceland, Harry B. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521637596.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Rostworowski, Maria (2001). Pachacutec Inca Yupanqui (in Spanish). Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. ISBN 9972510603.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• MacQuarrie, Kim (2008). The Last Days of The Incas. Piatkus Books. ISBN 9780749929930.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Sosa Freire, Rex (1996). Miscelánea histórica de Píntag (in Spanish). Cayambe: Editorial Abya Yala. ISBN 9978042016.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Veatch, Arthur Clifford (1917). Quito to Bogotá. Doran. Retrieved 24 July 2018.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

External links

• Atahualpa – Ancient History Encyclopedia
• Francisco de Xeres. Narrative of the Conquest of Peru
• "Atahualpa" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900.

Regnal titles
Preceded by Huáscar	Sapa Inca As ruler of the Inca Empire 1532–1533	Succeeded by Túpac Huallpa (Installed by the Spaniards)