Asian Americans in politics

Asian Americans represent a growing share of the national population and of the electorate.[1] The lower political participation of Asian Americans has been raised as a concern.[2][3] In the 21st century, Asian Americans have become a key Democratic Party constituency.[4][5]

Officeholders

State and local government

Governors

Name	Image	Term	Ethnicity	State	Party	Offices held
George Ariyoshi		1974-1986	Japanese-American	Hawaii	Democratic	Served as the governor of Hawaii from 1974 to 1986. First American of Asian descent to be elected governor of a state of the United States.[6] He continues to hold the record as the longest-serving state governor in Hawaii.
Ben Cayetano		1994-2002	Filipino-American	Hawaii	Democratic	Served as the fifth governor of Hawaii from 1994 to 2002. First Filipino American to serve as a state governor in the United States.[7]
Gary Locke		1997-2005	Chinese-American	Washington	Democratic	Served as the governor of the state of Washington elected in 1996. First Chinese-American to be elected governor in United States history and the first Asian-American governor in the continental United States. Locke served as governor from 1997–2005.[8]
Bobby Jindal		2008-2016	Indian-American	Louisiana	Republican	Served in various executive positions in Louisiana and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services before being elected to the Congress in 2004, and finally winning the Louisiana gubernatorial elections in 2007 (thereby becoming the first non-white governor of Louisiana since Reconstruction), the first elected Indian-American governor in U.S. history,[9] as well as the second Asian-American governor to serve in the continental United States.
Nikki Haley		2011-2017	Indian-American	South Carolina	Republican	Served as the 116th Governor of South Carolina from 2011 to 2017. Haley previously represented Lexington County in the South Carolina House of Representatives from 2005 to 2010.[10] She is the first Sikh American governor in the United States,[11] first female governor of South Carolina,[11] second elected Indian-American governor in U.S. history,[12] as well as the third Asian-American governor to serve in the continental United States. Nikki Haley's election was not the only first for Asian Americans to occur during the 2010 election cycle.
David Ige		2014-	Japanese-American	Hawaii	Democratic	Serving as governor of Hawaii since 2014. First person of Okinawan descent to hold office in the U.S.[13]

State offices

Name	Image	Life	Ethnicity	State	Party	Offices held
Kamala Harris		1964-	Indian-American	California	Democratic	Harris, who is half Indian-American,[14] became the first female, first African-American, and first Asian-American state attorney general in the United States.[15]
John Chiang		1962-	Taiwanese-American	California	Democratic	Served as California State Treasurer from 2014 to 2019.
Betty Yee		1957-	Chinese-American	California	Democratic	Serving as California State Controller since 2015.
Hubert Vo		1956-	Vietnamese-American	Texas	Democratic	Serving in the Texas House since 2004. First Vietnamese American to be elected to the Texas Legislature.
Gene Wu		1978-	Chinese-American	Texas	Democratic	Serving in the Texas House since 2012.

Local offices

Name	Image	Life	Ethnicity	State	Party	Offices held
Norman Mineta		1931-	Japanese-American	California	Democratic	Served as mayor of San Jose, California, in 1971.[16]
Ed Lee		1952-2017	Chinese-American	California	Democratic	Served as first Asian-American mayor of San Francisco until his death in 2017.[17]
David Oh		1960-	Korean-American	Pennsylvania	Republican	Served as first Asian-American elected to political office in the City of Philadelphia in 2011. Oh is currently serving his first term as City Councilman At-Large, Minority Whip.[18]
Ravinder Bhalla		1974-	Indian-American	New Jersey	Democratic	Mayor of Hoboken, New Jersey[19]

Congress

Name	Image	Life	Ethnicity	State	Party	Offices held
Dalip Singh Saund		1899-1973	Indian-American	California	Democratic	Served from 1957-1963. First Asian-American voting member of the United States Congress. Saund, from Imperial and Riverside Counties, was the first South-Asian American, first Indian-American, first Sikh-American, and first member of a non-Abrahamic faith to be elected to Congress.[20]
Hiram Fong		1906-2004	Chinese-American	Hawaii	Republican	Served from 1959-1977. First Chinese-American elected to Congress[20] and first Asian-American Senator.[21] Daniel Inouye (who served from 1959–2012) was the first Japanese American in the House and later the first in Senate. Spark Matsunaga was the second Japanese American to serve in the House (served 1971–77). Matsunaga and S. I. Hayakawa were the second and third Japanese Americans to serve in the Senate. Matsunaga served in the Senate between 1977 and 1990, while Hayakawa served in the Senate between 1977 and 1983.
Daniel Inouye		1924-2012	Japanese-American	Hawaii	Democratic	Served from 1959-2012. First Japanese-American in the US House Representatives (1959-1963) and later the first in the Senate (1963-2012).
Spark Matsunaga		1916-1990	Japanese-American	Hawaii	Democratic	Served from 1971-1990. Second Japanese-American to serve in the US House Representatives (1971-1977) and later the second in the Senate (1977-1990).
S. I. Hayakawa		1906-1992	Japanese-American	California	Republican (1973–1992) Democratic (before 1973)	Served from 1977-1983. Third Japanese-American to serve in the US Senate.
Norman Mineta		1931-	Japanese-American	California	Democratic	Served from 1975–1995. Fourth Japanese-American to serve in the US House of Representatives.
Bob Matsui		1941-2005	Japanese-American	California	Democratic	Served from 1979-2005. Fifth Japanese-American to serve in the House.
Patsy Mink		1927-2002	Japanese-American	Hawaii	Democratic	Served from 1965–1977 and again from 1990–2002. First female Asian-American and the first female Japanese-American elected to Congress.[20]
Daniel Kahikina Akaka		1924-2018	Native-Hawaiian	Hawaii	Democratic	Served from 1990-2000. Appointed as U.S. Senator of Hawaii in 1990, and then subsequently re-elected for two terms in 1994 and 2000. First congressperson of Native-Hawaiian descent.[22]
Bobby Scott		1947-	Filipino-American	Virginia	Democratic	Serving since 1993. First US born member of Congress of Filipino descent.[23]
Jay Kim		1939-	Korean-American	California	Republican	Served from 1993-1999. First Korean-American elected to Congress,[24] as well as the first Korean-American elected to a national office outside of Korea.[25] After he left office in 1999, there were no Korean Americans in Congress until the 2018 election of Andy Kim.
Andy Kim		1982-	Korean-American	New Jersey	Democratic	Serving since 2019. First congressperson of Asian descent to represent New Jersey.[26]
David Wu		1955-	Chinese-American	Oregon	Democratic	Served from 1998-2011. First Chinese-American of Taiwanese descent elected to Congress.[27] Wu resigned in 2011,[28] which was followed by a brief absence of Taiwanese Americans in Congress until the election of Grace Meng in 2012.
Joseph Cao		1967-	Vietnamese-American	Louisiana	Republican	Served from 2009-2011. First Vietnamese-American elected to Congress;[20] since he left office in 2011 there were no Vietnamese Americans in Congress until the election of Stephanie Murphy.
Stephanie Murphy		1978-	Vietnamese-American	Florida	Democratic	Serving since 2017. First female Vietnamese-American elected to Congress.
Steve Austria		1958-	Filipino-American	Ohio	Republican	Served from 2009-2013. First Multiracial, Filipino-American elected to congress. First first-generation, Filipino elected to Congress.[29]
Charles Djou		1970-	Thai-American	Hawaii	Independent (2018–present) Republican (before 2018)	Served from 2010-2011. First Thai-American elected to Congress;[30][31] he left Congress in 2011,[32] and no Thai American served in the Congress until Tammy Duckworth was elected in 2012.
Tammy Duckworth		1968-	Thai-American	Illinois	Democratic	Serving since 2013. First female Thai-American and first Thailand-born representative elected to Congress (US House of Representatives). Elected as a sentator in 2017.
Hansen Clarke		1957-	Bangladeshi-American	Michigan	Democratic	Served from 2011-2013. First Bangladeshi-American to service in Congress.[33] Clarke lost his seat after being defeated in the 2012 primary, and[34] no Bangladeshi-Americans have served in Congress since.
Pramila Jayapal		1965-	Indian-American	Washington	Democratic	Serving since 2017. First female Indian-American elected to Congress from Washington.
Kamala Harris		1964-	Indian-American	California	Democratic	Serving since 2017. First female Indian-American elected to Congress from California.
Grace Meng		1975-	Chinese-American	New York	Democratic	Serving since 2013. First female Asian-American and first Chinese-American of Taiwanese descent elected to Congress from New York.
Mark Takano		1960-	Japanese-American	California	Democratic (1983–present) Republican (Before 1983)	Serving since 2013. First openly gay person of Asian descent elected to Congress.
Mazie Hirono		1947-	Japanese-American	Hawaii	Democratic	Serving since 2007. Served in the US House of Representatives from 2007-2013. First elected female senator from Hawaii (2013), the first Asian-American woman elected to the Senate, the first U.S. senator born in Japan, and the nation's first Buddhist senator.
Judy Chu		1953-	Chinese-American	California	Democratic	Serving since 2009. First female Chinese-American elected to Congress.
Raja Krishnamoorthi		1973-	Indian-American	Illinois	Democratic	Serving since 2017. First Hindu of Indian descent elected to Congress.
Tulsi Gabbard		1981-	Samoan-American	Hawaii	Democratic	Serving since 2013. First Hindu and first Samoan-American elected to Congress.
Amata Coleman Radewagen		1947-	Samoan-American	American Samoa	Republican	Serving since 2015. First female to represent American Samoa in the US Congress.

Historic

Benito Legarda and Pablo Ocampo, joined the House in 1907 as Resident Commissioners,[35] becoming the first Asian Americans to serve in the Congress, albeit as non-voting members.[20][20]

Senator Daniel Inouye of Hawaii was the President pro tempore of the United States Senate and the highest-ranking Asian American in congressional history.

In 2010, Inouye was sworn in as President Pro Tempore making him the highest-ranking Asian American politician in American history.

Current

There are presently 14 Asian Pacific Americans in the House and 3 in the Senate, in the 116th United States Congress.[36][37][38] The following marks the total number of Asian Americans in the U.S. Congress since 1957: 36 representatives and 9 senators. Representatives include those from Japanese, Taiwanese, Filipino, Thai, Indian, Samoan, and Vietnamese American backgrounds.

Representatives Colleen Hanabusa, Doris Matsui, Mark Takano, and Senator Mazie Hirono are Japanese American.

Representative Judy Chu is Chinese American.

Representatives Grace Meng and Ted Lieu are Taiwanese Americans.

Representative Bobby Scott is Filipino American.

Representative TJ Cox is Chinese and Filipino American.

Senator Tammy Duckworth is Thai American.

Representatives Ami Bera, Raja Krishnamoorthi, Pramila Jayapal, Ro Khanna, and Senator Kamala Harris are Indian American.[36]

Representative Tulsi Gabbard and Amata Coleman Radewagen are Samoan American.

Representative Stephanie Murphy is Vietnamese American.

Representative Andy Kim is Korean American.

Note that Scott and Harris both are multiracial; Scott is one-fourth Filipino and three-fourths African American, while Harris is one-half Indian and one-half Jamaican.

Cabinet

Norman Mineta, first Asian American cabinet member

Norman Mineta became the first Asian American Cabinet member when he was appointed secretary of commerce by President George W. Bush in 2000. He then served as secretary of transportation from 2001 to 2002.[39] Also in the George W. Bush Administration, Elaine Chao became the first, and thus far only, Asian-American woman to serve as a Cabinet secretary when she became the secretary of labor in 2001, serving until 2009.[40] She has also served as secretary of transportation in the current administration since 2017.

In 2009, President Barack Obama appointed Eric Shinseki to the position of secretary of veterans affairs, which he held until 2014. Shinseki was the first Asian American to hold this position. Steven Chu, the first Asian American to hold the position of secretary of energy, served from 2009-2013. Additionally under Obama, Gary Locke served as secretary of commerce from 2009 to 2011.

Nikki Haley became the first Indian American to serve in a permanent Cabinet-level position when she was confirmed to the position of ambassador to the United Nations in 2017. She held the position until 2018.

Presidential and vice-presidential candidates

In 1964, Hiram Fong, a Republican, became the first Asian-American candidate for president.[41][42]

In 1972, Patsy Mink became the first Asian-American Democratic candidate for president, and the first Japanese-American candidate for president.[43]

In 2015, Bobby Jindal, a Republican, became the first Indian-American candidate for president.[44][45]

In 2017, Andrew Yang became the first Asian-American male Democratic candidate for president.[46][47]

In 2020, Kamala Harris became the first Asian-American major party candidate for vice president. [48]

Voting trends and party affiliation

From the 1940s to the 1990s most Asian Americans were anti-communist refugees who had fled mainland China, North Korea or Vietnam, and were strongly anti-Communist. Many had ties to conservative organizations.[49][50] In recent years, more liberal Asian-American groups such as newer Chinese and Indian immigrants have greatly changed the Asian-American political demographics, as well as a larger proportion of younger Asian Americans, many of whom have completed college degrees.[51]

During the 1990s and 2000s, Asian American voting behavior shifted from moderate support for the Republican Party to stronger support for the Democratic Party.[52] In the 1992 presidential election Republican George H. W. Bush received 55% of the Asian-American vote compared to 31% for Democrat Bill Clinton. Asian Americans voted Republican and were the only racial group more conservative than whites in the 1990s, according to surveys.[49] By the 2004 election, Democrat John Kerry won 56% of the Asian American vote, with Chinese and Indian Americans tending to support Kerry, and Vietnamese and Filipino Americans tending to support George Bush.[53] Japanese-Americans leaned toward Kerry, while Korean-Americans leaned toward Bush.[53] Democrat Barack Obama won 62% of the Asian American vote in the 2008 presidential election,[54] with the margin increasing during the 2012 presidential election, where Asian Americans voted to re-elect Obama by 73%.[55] In the 2014 midterm elections, based on exit polls, 50% of Asian Americans voted Republican, while 49% voted Democrat; this swing toward voting for Republicans was a shift from the strong Democratic vote in 2012, and had not reached 50% since 1996.[56] The 2016 National Asian American Survey, conducted before the 2016 presidential election, found that 55% of Asian American registered voters supported Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton and only 14% supported Republican candidate Donald Trump.[57]

Despite their growing trend of voting for Democrats in national elections, Asian Americans have tended to identify as independents and have not developed strong ties to political parties as a group.[58] Due to the smaller size of the groups population, in comparison to the population as a whole, it has been difficult to get an adequate sampling to forecast voter outcomes for Asian Americans.[59] In 2008, polls indicated that 35% considered themselves non-partisan, 32% Democrats, 19% independents, and 14% Republicans.[60] The 2012 National Asian American Survey found that 51% considered themselves non-partisan, 33% Democrats, 14% Republicans, and 2% Other;[61][62] Hmong, Indian, and Korean Americans strongly identified as Democrats, and Filipino and Vietnamese Americans most strongly identified as Republicans.[62] In 2013, according to the Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund, Chinese Americans were the least likely Asian American ethnicity to have a party affiliation, with only one third belonging to a party.[63] The 2016 National Asian American Survey found that 41% of Asian Americans identified as non-partisan, 41% as Democrats (a modest increase from 2008 and 2012), and 16% as Republicans.[57]

Neither the Republican nor Democratic parties have financed significant efforts to the registration of Asian Americans, however much more attention has been focused on contributions from Asian Americans,[64] having once been referred to as potential "Republican Jews".[65] As recently as 2006, the outreach efforts of America's two major political parties have been unbalanced, with the Democratic Party devoting more resources in attracting Asian Americans.[66] In 2016, a majority of Asian-Americans possessed the same political views on racial profiling, education, social security, and immigration reform as the Democratic Party; the efforts to attract Asian-Americans has produced a proportionally significant growth in Democratic affiliation by Asian-Americans from 2012 to 2016 by 12 percent.[67] In 2016, Vietnamese and Filipinos were the least likely Asian Americans to support the presidential campaign of Hillary Clinton, with Vietnamese the most likely to back the presidential campaign of Donald Trump.[68] Political affiliation aside, Asian Americans have trended to become more politically active as a whole, with 2008 seeing an increase of voter participation by 4% to a 49% voting rate.[69] In 2017, it was reported by the Washington Post that Asian Americans born outside of the United States trended to be more conservative, and more likely to identify as Republicans, while those who were born in the United States, who were generally younger, were more likely to identify being a Democrat.[70]

See also

• 80-20 Initiative
• Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States
• List of Asian Pacific American Democrats

References

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Further reading

• Angela D. Dillard (1 February 2001). Guess Who's Coming to Dinner Now?: Multicultural Conservatism in America. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-2120-9.
• Pei-te Lien; M. Margaret Conway; Janelle Wong (June 2004). The Politics of Asian Americans: Diversity and Community. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-95230-3.
• Andrew Aoki; Okiyoshi Takeda (2008). Asian American Politics. Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3446-3.
• Tanika Raychaudhuri. 2020. "Socializing Democrats: Examining Asian American vote choice with evidence from a national survey." Electoral Studies.

External links