Arthur Tange

Sir Arthur Tange
Sir Arthur Tange; AC, CBE
	Arthur Tange, 1965
Secretary of the Department of Defence
	In office; 2 March 1970 – 16 August 1979
Preceded by	Sir Henry Bland
Succeeded by	Bill Pritchett
Australian High Commissioner to India
	In office; 1965–1969
Preceded by	Sir James Plimsol
Succeeded by	Sir Patrick Shaw
Secretary of the Department of External Affairs
	In office; 25 January 1954 – 4 April 1965
Preceded by	Alan Watt
Succeeded by	Sir James Plimsol
Personal details
Born	18 August 1914; Gosford, New South Wales
Died	10 May 2001 (aged 86); Canberra, Australian Capital Territory
Nationality	Australian
Occupation	Public servant

Sir Arthur Harold Tange AC, CBE (18 August 1914 – 10 May 2001) was a prominent Australian senior public servant of the middle to late 20th century.

A considerable intellect, he was one of the most influential people in the government of Australia for nearly 30 years, earning him respect and disdain in equal measure. He was best known for his controversial role in reforming the organisation of the administration of the Australian Department of Defence in the 1970s. He is also less well known for having laid the foundations of the modern Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) in his time at the then Department of External Affairs.

Early life

Arthur Tange was of Danish descent, his grandfather Anton Tange emigrating in 1854 from Odense. Anton Tange & Sons became a major Sydney trading house, mainly in the tea trade. However, lack of business acumen in the following generation, and the circumstances of the Depression, meant that the family fortune was greatly diminished. Young Arthur attended Gosford High School, and later the University of Western Australia. He played rugby for Western Australia.[1]

Department of External Affairs

Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi holding a koala at Taronga Zoo in 1968, with Arthur Tange, Australian High Commissioner to India, in the background.

Tange joined the public service during World War II, having previously worked for the Bank of New South Wales 1931–42.[2] He was a member of the small Australian contingent at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944. Having rapidly risen from research assistant to departmental secretary in the Department of External Affairs (forerunner to the modern Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade) from 1954 to 1965, he then took up the position of High Commissioner to India from 1965 to 1969.

Secretary, Department of Defence

In 1970 he returned to Australia to become Secretary of the Department of Defence – the most senior public servant therein, and effective executive head of the civilian side of the Department of Defence, reporting to the Minister, then John Gorton.[3] At that time the Department of Defence was of relatively little consequence in the Commonwealth government; each service (Navy, Army and Air Force) had its own separate department with its own minister. Further, the Ministry of Supply, responsible for military logistics, was also a separate portfolio with yet another minister. The respective services and departments were in competition, each group jealously guarding its own budget and powers against the others.[4]

Rationalising departments

With his career background in diplomacy and international affairs, Tange felt that a co-ordinated administration of the Defence of Australia, integrating strictly military matters, supply and material acquisition, intelligence, defence-related economic affairs and international relations was needed. To this end he spent the bulk of his time as Secretary of the Department of Defence (1970 to his retirement in 1979) working towards the merging of the departments of the Army, Navy, Air, Supply and Defence into one. He advocated a wider view of defence policy than the civilian members of the Defence department and the uniformed members of the armed services.

His work culminated in a 1973 report, formally titled "Australian Defence: Report on the Reorganisation of the Defence Group of Departments", but widely known in the press and in government circles as "the Tange Report". With the support of the Whitlam Labor government, the proposed changes were enacted and since then the uniformed services have been known as the Australian Defence Force (ADF), the civilian arms as the Department of Defence, and the whole as the Australian Defence Organisation (ADO). The Prime Minister and Minister for Defence are now advised by both the uniformed Chief of the Defence Force (CDF) and the civilian Secretary of the Department of Defence (SECDEF), in a unique (in Australia) arrangement known as "the diarchy", with overall defence policy being developed and enacted co-operatively between the uniformed and civilian staffs.

Tri-service co-operation

Another aspect of Tange's work was a desire that the three services should work together in the Defence of Australia at all levels, rather than as feuding tribes.[5] To this end he was instrumental in the decision to set up a primary tri-service college for the joint training, academic and military, of all officer recruits in the services, known as the Australian Defence Force Academy. A further motive for developing the academy (which is an affiliated academic college of the University of New South Wales) was to equip the future leaders of the defence forces with a broader humanistic as well as technical education, to enable them to eventually make the wider contributions to defence policy that Tange felt was lacking in the senior uniformed officers of his generation. The Australian Defence Force Academy (ADFA) was opened in 1983, in Canberra, and most military officers since then have received their tertiary education and basic military training in its tri-service environment.[6]

Reputation

Neither of these reforms was easy and they were both accompanied by enormous resistance and press clamour. Tradition within the old service departments led to fights over these issues in the press, the ministries and the parliament in the 1970s. Tange's role in the changes saw him regarded as both a forward-looking visionary, and as displaying arrogance and ignorance and being zealously committed to secrecy.[7] The conservative forces in the military and coalition parties in Australia often regarded him as a man bent on destroying the sensible and time-honoured traditions of the individual services, whilst the political left in the universities, unions and labour movement saw him as a prime example of the old public service 'mandarin' who told his ministers what to do and pursued a conservative agenda no matter who was in government at the time.[8]

Retirement and legacy

Tange retired in 1979 and lived until 2001, when he died of leukaemia.[9] His wife of 60 years, Marjorie, died two months later after a series of strokes.

In 2002, the Department of Defence, in conjunction with the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre (SDSC) at the Australian National University (ANU), established an ongoing PhD scholarship in honour of Tange. The first of these scholarships was awarded in 2003, and another in 2007.

The first independent biography of Tange, Arthur Tange: Last of the Mandarins by Peter Edwards, was published in 2006. Edwards has also edited and published Tange's personal memoirs in Defence Policy-Making: A Close-up View, 1950–1980, released in 2008.

In 2009, a street in the Canberra suburb of Casey was named Arthur Tange Street in Tange's honour.[10]

gollark: There are some minor additional complexities in mine, such as reducing it from 16-bit to 8-bit color.

gollark: It *continues* doing that until the ring is entirely offscreen.

gollark: It moves outward from that in concentric square "rings", and sets each pixel in that to a randomly selected adjacent pixel plus some random adjustments.

gollark: It picks a "seed color" and puts it in a random location of the output image.

gollark: I learned vaguely how it worked from porting and then debugging it a ton, so:

References

http://www.danesinaustralia.com/tange.html
CP 229: Sir Arthur Harold TANGE AC, CBE, National Archives of Australia, retrieved 12 September 2014
Dobell, Graeme (22 April 2013). "Dennis Richardson and Arthur Tange: part I". Australian Strategic Policy Institute. Archived from the original on 12 March 2016.
James, Neil (May 2000), "The Historical Background to Higher Defence Management in Australia", Working Paper No. 59: Reform of the Defence Management Paradigm: A Fresh View, Australian Defence Studies Centre, ISBN 0 7317 0441 X, archived from the original on 13 January 2004, retrieved 15 March 2017
Dobell, Graeme (14 April 2014), The Canberra officer (3): the promised land of jointery, Australian Strategic Policy Institute, archived from the original on 3 April 2015
Edwards, Peter (18 August 2014), Sir Arthur turns 100, Australian Strategic Policy Institute, archived from the original on 12 March 2016
Toohey, Brian (18 January 2016), Arthur Tange, the CIA and the Dismissal: a response to Peter Edwards, Australian Strategic Policy Institute, archived from the original on 31 March 2016
Dobell, Graeme (24 April 2013), Dennis Richardson and Arthur Tange: part II, Australian Strategic Policy Institute, archived from the original on 26 April 2015
Garran, Robert, Tange, Sir Arthur Harold (1914–2001), archived from the original on 10 November 2013
Arthur Tange Street, ACT Government Environment and Sustainable Development Directorate, archived from the original on 27 February 2014