Arthur Guinness

Arthur Guinness (24 September 1725 – 23 January 1803) was an Irish brewer and the founder of the Guinness brewery business and family. He was also an entrepreneur and philanthropist.

This article is about an Irish brewer. For other uses, see Arthur Guinness (disambiguation).

Arthur Guinness
Born(1725-09-24)24 September 1725
County Kildare, Ireland
Died23 January 1803(1803-01-23) (aged 77)
Mountjoy Square, Dublin, Ireland
Resting placeOughter Ard, Kildare, Ireland
NationalityIrish
OccupationBrewer and businessman
Known forFounder of Guinness
Spouse(s)Olivia Whitmore
Children21

At 27, in 1752, Guinness's godfather Arthur Price, the Church of Ireland Archbishop of Cashel, bequeathed him £100 in his will. Guinness invested the money and in 1755 had a brewery at Leixlip, just 17 km from Dublin. In 1759, Guinness went to the city and set up his own business. He took a 9,000-year lease[1] on the 4-acre (16,000 m2) brewery at St. James's Gate from the descendants of Sir Mark Rainsford for an annual rent of £45.

Guinness's flowery red signature is still copied on every label of bottled Guinness.

Background

Arthur Guinness's parents Richard and Elizabeth were both the children of tenant farmers in Dublin and Kildare. Richard's family were descendants of the McCartan Lords Of Kinelarty and Iveagh plus Gaelic Kings see McCartan family of County Down.[2] Recent DNA evidence however suggests descent from the McCartans, another County Down clan, whose spiritual home of Kinelarty included the townland of "Guiness" near Ballynahinch, County Down.[3]

Guinness's place and date of birth are the subject of speculation. His gravestone in Oughterard, County Kildare states clearly that he died on 23 January 1803, "aged 78 years", indicating that he was born in 1724 or very early in 1725. There is no proof of the date of 28 September 1725 chosen by the Guinness company in 1991, apparently to end speculation about his birthdate.[4] The place of birth was perhaps his mother's home at Read homestead at Ardclough, County Kildare.[5] In 2009 it was claimed he was born in nearby Celbridge[6] where his parents lived in 1725 and where his father worked as an agent for the cleric Dr. Arthur Price, and may (or may not) have brewed ale for the household.

In his will, Dr. Price left £100 each to "his servant" Arthur and his father in 1752. Starting his first brewery in Leixlip in 1755, Arthur then bought a long lease of an adjacent site from George Bryan "of Philadelphia in the Province of Pennsylvania" in 1756, that was developed as investment property.[7]

Arthur Guinness's home on Thomas Street

In 1761 he married Olivia Whitmore in St. Mary's Church, Dublin, and they had 21 children, 10 of whom lived to adulthood. Olivia's father was William Whitmore, a grocer in Essex Street, Temple Bar, Dublin, and her mother was Mary Grattan from Drummin House, Carbury, County Kildare. Olivia also brought a dowry of £1,000.

From 1764 they lived at Beaumont House, which he had built on a 51-acre (21 ha) farm, which is now a part of Beaumont Convalescent Home, behind the main part of Beaumont Hospital, between Artane, Santry and Coolock in north County Dublin. His landlord was Charles Gardiner.[8] The townland name of Kilmore was renamed by Arthur as Beaumont (meaning beautiful hill) and the later Beaumont parish copied the name. From March 1798 he lived at Mountjoy Square in Dublin, which was then in the process of being built in the style of elegant Georgian architecture, where his landlord was Gardiner's son Luke. Three of his sons were also brewers, and his other descendants eventually included missionaries, politicians, and authors (see: Guinness family).

Guinness was a protestant Christian[9] and pro-British Unionist.[10]

He died in Dublin and was buried in his mother's family plot at Oughterard, County Kildare in January 1803.[11]

Politics

Guinness was a committed Unionist and strongly opposed Irish nationalism.[10] Guinness supported Henry Grattan in the 1780s and 1790s, not least because Grattan wanted to reduce the tax on beer. He was one of the four brewers' guild representatives on Dublin Corporation from the 1760s until his death. Like Grattan, Guinness was publicly in favour of Catholic Emancipation from 1793, but he was not a supporter of the United Irishmen during the 1798 rebellion, along with most of the Irish population,[12] leading to one accusation that he was spying for the British.[13] In general, the Guinness family became Irish Unionists and Arthur Guinness accepted the system,[14] with Arthur "directly opposed to any movement toward Irish independence" and wanting "Ireland to remain under British control".[15][16]

Most Irish historians and his biographer point to his friendships with many supporters of Irish Patriot Party from the 1770s, his presentation of a gold box to Henry Grattan in 1790, and his son Arthur's visit to the dying Grattan in 1819. The Patriot Party's views were built upon by the Irish Home Rule movement in the 1800s, and were generally popular until 1918.[17]

Brewer of porter
The 9,000-year lease on display

Guinness leased a brewery in Leixlip in 1755, brewing ale. Five years later he left his younger brother Richard in charge of that enterprise and moved on to another in St. James' Gate, Dublin, at the end of 1759. The 9,000-year lease he signed for the brewery is presently displayed in the floor at St. James' Gate, effective from 31 December 1759. By 1767 he was elected Master of the Dublin Corporation of Brewers. His first actual sales of porter were listed on tax (excise) data from 1778, and it seems that other Dublin brewers had experimented in brewing porter beer from the 1760s. From the 1780s his second son Arthur (1768–1855) worked at his side and eventually became the senior partner in the brewery from 1803. He commented on this in a letter of 1790:

"..one of my sons is grown up to be able to assist me in this Business, or I wd not have attempted it, tho' prompted by a demand of providing for Ten Children now living out of one & twenty born to us, & more likely yet to come..."[18]

His major achievement was in expanding his brewery in 1797–99. Thereafter he brewed only porter and employed members of the Purser family, Moravians from Tewkesbury who had brewed porter in London until 1776. The Pursers became partners in the brewery for most of the 19th century. By his death in 1803 the annual brewery output was over 20,000 barrels. Subsequently, Arthur and/or his beer was nicknamed "Uncle Arthur" in Dublin.

Family

Arthur and Olivia had 21 children, of whom these 10 survived to maturity:[19]

  • Elizabeth (1763–1847) m. Frederick Darley, builder and Lord Mayor of Dublin in 1808-09
  • Revd. Dr. Hosea (1765–1841), Rector of St. Werburgh's Church, Dublin
  • Arthur (1768–1855), brewer and banker
  • Edward (1772–1833), solicitor in Dublin
  • Olivia (1775–1809)
  • Benjamin (1777–1826), brewer
  • Louisa (1781–1809)
  • Mary (1787–1809)
  • William (1779–1842), brewer
  • John (1783–1850), Captain in the Madras Army

Arthur Guinness Fund
A can of Guinness featuring Arthur Guinness's signature

To further honour Arthur Guinness's legacy, in 2009 Guinness & Co. established the Arthur Guinness Fund (AGF). An internal fund set up by the Company, its aim is to enable and empower individuals with skills and opportunities to deliver a measured benefit to their communities.[20] Guinness has donated more than €7 million to the Fund since its inception.

Guinness is one of a handful of Irish people commemorated twice on stamps, in 1959 and 2009.[21]

In October 2013 a statue of him was erected in his birthplace Celbridge.[22]

In 2014 a series of pathways were created beside places from his early life by Kildare County Council, known collectively as "Arthur's Way".[23]

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See also

Bibliography
  • D. Wilson, Dark and Light (Weidenfeld, London 1998) ISBN 0-297-81718-3
  • M. Guinness, The Guinness Spirit (Hodder, London 1999) ISBN 0-340-72165-0
  • P. Guinness, Arthur's Round (Peter Owen, London 2008) ISBN 978-0-7206-1296-7[24]
  • J. Joyce, "The Guinnesses; The Untold Story of Ireland's Most Successful Family" (Poolbeg Press, Dublin 2009) ISBN 978-1-84223-403-7

References
  1. The Story: "1759: It begins with a signature" Archived 22 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine Official web site. Retrieved< 22 October 2013.
  2. Robert Bell "The Book of Ulster Surnames", published 1997
  3. "Guinness origins begin to settle". BBC News. 15 December 2007. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
  4. "Cold, Hard Football Facts.com: The Truth Hurts". Cold, Hard Football Facts. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
  5. Corry, Eoghan and Tancred, Jim "The Annals of Ardclough" pp. 70–71 (2004)
  6. "Maynooth Town". maynooth.org. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
  7. George Bryan was born in Dublin in 1731, and became one of the American revolutionary leaders in the 1770s.
  8. National Library of Ireland, Gardiner Papers, Mss. 36,501-36,626
  9. "Hey Irish America! Arthur Guinness was a Protestant, a Unionist and Irish and British". HuffingtonPost. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  10. "Why Guinness is less Irish than you think". The Economist. 16 March 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  11. "Arthur Guinness, founder of the Dublin brewery, dies in 1803". IrishCentral.com. 23 January 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
  12. Murphet, Julian; McDonald, Ronan; Morrell, Sascha (31 July 2014). Flann O'Brien & Modernism. ISBN 9781623568757. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
  13. "Why Guinness is less Irish than you think". The Economist. 16 March 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  14. Who was Arthur Guinness? It depends on which one you mean, 19 September 2009, The Irish Times
  15. Sean Dunne, Z Magazine
  16. "Guinness Stout: From English to Corporate Colonialism". indymedia.ie. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
  17. Guinness P. Arthur's Round (2008) pp126-127, 151,179, 181-188.
  18. Guinness P. "Arthur's Round" 2008 p.160
  19. The Guinness family, 3rd edition; ed. Brian Guinness; family trees arranged by M. Galwey (1985) pp. 3–17
  20. "Arthur Guinness". guinness.com. Archived from the original on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
  21. "Guinness celebrates 250th anniversary". RTE.ie. 24 September 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  22. http://www.leinsterleader.ie/news/local-news/arthur-guinness-arrives-home-to-celbridge-1-5578650 Leinster Leader, October 2013
  23. http://www.kildare.ie/CountyCouncil/media/Photos%20for%20Press%20Release.pdf
  24. "Arthur Guinness's true genetic roots". Zythophile. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
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