Arnala fort

Arnala fort
	Part of the Maratha Empire
	Arnala fort bastion viewed through one the fort's windows
	Arnala fort
Coordinates	19.46577°N 72.73247°E
Site information
Controlled by	Bijapur; Shivaji; Portugal (c.1530-1737); Maratha (1737-1818); United Kingdom East India Company (1818-1857); India (1857-1947); India
Open to; the public	Yes
Condition	Protected Ruins

Arnala Fort is built on a small island of the port town of Arnala, located around 8 miles north of Vasai, Maharashtra, India.[1] Being an island fort, it is also called Jaldurg or Janjire-Arnala. The Portuguese, who built the present fort,[2] called the island Ilha das vacas.

History

In 1516 a local chieftain in Gujarat, Sultan Mahmud Begda, constructed the fort on the island, strategically located at the mouth of the Vaitarna river. In the 1530s the Portuguese had established their operations in the coastal area, headquartered at Fort Bassein, and soon gained control of the island. The Portuguese captain of Bassein donated the island to a Portuguese nobleman who tore down the old fort and began construction of a 700-by-700-foot (210 m × 210 m) fort. The nobleman never completed the fort. Still, it remained under Portuguese control for two centuries; they used it to control shipping and navigation along the northern Konkan coast.

During the late 17th and early 18th centuries, after a long struggle with the Mughal Empire, the Maratha Confederacy came to dominate present day Maharashtra. In 1737 the then Peshwa Baji Rao I sent his brother, Chimaji Appa, to take the Bassein Fort from the Portuguese. After winning the Battle of Vasai, his general, Shankarji Pant, persuaded Chimaji to launch an assault on Fort Arnala, for its strategic importance to the Maratha navy in assaulting Portuguese interests. Their first assault, coordinated with a Maratha naval force commanded by Manaji Agre, was routed by a superior Portuguese naval force. A second assault on the fort on 28 March 1737, caught the Portuguese by surprise and forced them to abandon the fort. The victory was commemorated by a plaque installed on the northern wall of the fort and is still visible today. The Marathas then rebuilt the fort, constructing three bastions Bahirav, Bhavani, and Bava.

The British captured the fort on 18 January 1781 during the First Anglo-Maratha War.[3]

The Marathas controlled the fort until 1817. During the third British-Maratha war, despite successfully defending the fort, the Marathas were forced to surrender the fort to the British due to their superior naval power. The treaty of Salabai returned the Arnala and Bassien forts to the Marathas, but the British regained the forts under the Treaty of Poona. Today the fort is in a state of disrepair.[4]

Features

Octagonal water reservoir inside the fort.

Octagonal Water Reservoir and Temples

There is a large octagonal fresh water reservoir inside the fort. Inside the fort are the temples of Ambakeshwar, the goddess Bhavani, Lord Shiva, and the tombs of Shahali and Hajjali. The 'paduka' or sacred sandals of Shrinityanand Maharaj are housed in a dome on the eastern face of the fort.

The Entrance

The main entrance of the fort faces approximately north.

Main entrance as seen from North side.

The solid stone doorway is adorned with pictures of tigers and elephants.

Detail of images of Tiger and elephant on the entrance door.

Ramparts and Walls

The external ramparts are in a fairly good condition, and a roughly three-meter-wide path exists along the outer walls. .[5]

Southern Watch Tower

There exists a lone Martello tower about 550 meters from the main fort, on the southern end of the island. This tower has no entrance gate.

Martello tower on Arnala Island

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