Arcellinida

Arcellinid testate amoebae or Arcellinida,[1] Arcellacean[2] or lobose testate amoebae[3] are single-celled protists partially enclosed in a simple test (shell).

Arcellinida
Arcella sp. test
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
(unranked):
Amoebozoa
Class:
Tubulinea
Order:
Arcellinida

Arcellinid testate amoebae are commonly found in soils, leaf litter, peat bogs and near/in fresh water.[1] They use their pseudopodia, a temporary cell extension, for moving and taking in food. Like most amoebae, they are generally believed to reproduce asexually via binary fission. However a recent review suggests that sexual recombination may be the rule rather than the exception in amoeboid protists in general, including the Arcellinid testate amoebae.[4]

Test or shell

Simple tests are made by secretion (autogenous tests), agglutination of foreign material (xenogenous tests), or sometimes a combination of both. Past environmental changes can be determined by analysing the composition of fossil tests, including the reconstruction of past climate change.[1] Testate amoebae species have been used to reconstruct hydrological changes over the late Holocene, as a result of individual species possessing a narrow tolerance for ecohydrological conditions such as water-table depth or pH.[5]

Evolutionary history

Fossils of arcellinid testate amoebae date back to the Cryogenian period.[6]

Testate amoebae are theorized to be mostly polyphyletic (coming from more than one ancestral type), but testaceafilosea, one group of testate amoebae, are theorized to be monophyletic. Ancient tests of terrestrial fauna are commonly found in fossilized amber,[7] although mid-Cretaceous testate amoeba (i.e., Diffligia, Cucurbitella) have been found in ancient lake sediments.[8] It is likely that the group has evolved minimally over the course of the Phanerozoic.

Classification
Phylogeny of Arcellinida[9]
Arcellinida
 

Phryganellina

 
 
 

Organoconcha

 
Glutinoconcha
 

Volnustoma

 
 
 

Hyalospheniformes

 
 
 

Excentrostoma

 
 
 

Sphaerothecina

 
 

Longithecina

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

The group contains the following taxa:[10][11][9]

  • Suborder Phryganellina Bovee 1985
    • Family Phryganellidae Jung 1942
    • Family Cryptodifflugiidae Jung 1942
      • ?Prantlitina Vasicek & Ruzicka 1957
      • ?Pseudocucurbitella Gauthier-Lievre & Thomas 1960
      • ?Pseudowailesella Sudzuki 1979
      • Cryptodifflugia Penard 1890 [Difflugiella Cash 1904; Geococcus Francé 1913 non Green 1902]
      • Meisterfeldia Bobrov 2016
      • Wailesella Deflandre 1928
  • Suborder Organoconcha Kosakyan et al. 2016
    • Family Microchlamyiidae Ogden 1985
      • Microchlamys Cockerell 1911 [Pseudochlamys Claparede & Lachmann 1859 non Lacordaire 1848 non Comas 1977]
      • Pyxidicula Ehrenberg 1838 non Ehrenberg 1834 non Strelnikova & Nikolajev 1986
      • Spumochlamys Kudryavtsev & Hausmann 2007
  • Suborder Glutinoconcha Kosakyan et al. 2016
    • Infraorder Volnustoma Kosakyan et al. 2016
    • Infraorder Hyalospheniformis Kosakyan et al. 2016
      • Family Hyalospheniidae Jung, 1942 [Nebelidae Taranek 1882]
        • ?Apolimia Korganova 1987
        • ?Deflandria Jung 1942
        • ?Heleoporella Couteaux 1978
        • ?Leidyella Jung 1942
        • ?Metaheleopera Bartos 1954
        • ?Marsipos Medioli et al. 1990
        • ?Paranebela Jung 1942
        • ?Penardiella Kahl 1930
        • ?Pseudogeamphorella Décloitre 1964 nomen nudum
        • ?Pseudohyalosphenia Stepanek 1967 nomen nudum
        • ?Pterygia Jung 1942 non Roeding 1798 non Link 1807 non Laporte 1832
        • ?Schaudinnia Jung 1942 non Schulze 1900
        • ?Umbonaria Jung 1942
        • Alabasta Duckert et al. 2018
        • Alocodera Jung 1942a
        • Apodera Loeblich & Tappan 1961
        • Certesella Loeblich & Tappan 1961
        • Cornutheca Kosakyan et al. 2016
        • Gibbocarina Kosakyan et al. 2016
        • Hyalosphenia Stein 1859
        • Longinebela Kosakyan et al. 2016
        • Mrabella Kosakyan et al. 2016
        • Nebela Leidy 1875
        • Padaungiella Lara & Todorov 2012
        • Planocarina Kosakyan et al. 2016
        • Porosia Jung 1942
        • Quadrulella Cockerell 1909 [Quadrula Schulze 1875 non Rafinesque 1820]
    • Infraorder Excentrostoma Kosakyan et al. 2016
    • Infraorder Longithecina Kosakyan et al. 2016
      • Family Lesquereusiidae [Paraquadrulidae Deflandre 1953]
      • Family Difflugiidae Wallich 1864
        • ?Lagenodifflugia Medioli & Scott 1983
        • ?Maghrebia Gauthier-Lievre & Thomas 1958
        • ?Pentagonina Bovee & Jahn 1974 [Pentagonia Gauthier-Lievre & Thomas 1958 non Cozzens 1846; Falsidifflugia Haman 1988]
        • ?Pseudopontigulasia Oye 1956
        • ?Sexangularia Awerintzew 1906
        • ?Suiadifflugia Green 1975
        • ?Zivkovicia Ogden 1987
        • Armatodifflugia Snegovaya & Alekperov 2005
        • Difflugia Leclere 1815 ex Lamarck 1816
        • Mediolus Patterson 2014
        • Nabranella Snegovaya & Alekperov 2009
        • Pelecyamoeba Snegovaya & Alekperov 2005
        • Pontigulasia Rhumbler 1895
        • Pseudonebela Gauthier-Lievre 1954 non Schönborn 1964
    • Infraorder Sphaerothecina Kosakyan et al. 2016

incertae sedis:

  • Argynnia Vucetich 1974
  • Geamphorella Bonnet, 1959
  • Jungia Loeblich & Tappan 1961
  • Lamtoquadrula Bonnet 1975
  • Leptochlamys West 1901
  • Ochros Medioli et al. 1990
  • †Palaeoleptochlamys Strullu-Derrien et al. 2019
  • Physochila Jung 1942
  • Pseudawerintzewia Bonnet 1959
  • Sacculus Medioli et al. 1990 non Gosse 1851 non Hirase 1927 non Neviani 1930
  • Schoenbornia Decloitre 1964
  • Swabia
  • Family Bipseudostomatidae Snegovaya & Alekperov 2005
    • Bipseudostomatella Snegovaya & Alekperov 2005
    • Gomocollariella Snegovaya & Alekperov 2005
  • Family Mississippiellidae Huddleston & Haman 1985
    • Mississippiella Haman 1982
  • Family Shamkiriidae Snegovaya & Alekperov 2005
    • Shamkiriella Snegovaya & Alekperov 2005
gollark: See, this is much nicer.
gollark: ```rustpub struct List<T> { head: Link<T>,}type Link<T> = Option<Box<Node<T>>>;struct Node<T> { elem: T, next: Link<T>,}impl<T> List<T> { pub fn new() -> Self { List { head: None } } pub fn push(&mut self, elem: T) { let new_node = Box::new(Node { elem: elem, next: self.head.take(), }); self.head = Some(new_node); } pub fn pop(&mut self) -> Option<T> { self.head.take().map(|node| { self.head = node.next; node.elem }) }}impl<T> Drop for List<T> { fn drop(&mut self) { let mut cur_link = self.head.take(); while let Some(mut boxed_node) = cur_link { cur_link = boxed_node.next.take(); } }}```
gollark: ... or at all?
gollark: You don't have a thing to efficiently deallocate the list.
gollark: Collections which work on a big chunk of memory or something *do* kind of have to use unsafe, linked lists or (some?) trees mostly don't.

References
  1. http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/gsamoebae.html Testate amoebae, peat bogs and past climates. accessed 16 march 2007
  2. Identification key for holocene lacustrine arcellacean (thecamoebian) taxa Archived December 4, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  3. Lara E, Heger TJ, Ekelund F, Lamentowicz M, Mitchell EA (April 2008). "Ribosomal RNA genes challenge the monophyly of the Hyalospheniidae (Amoebozoa: Arcellinida)". Protist. 159 (2): 165–76. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2007.09.003. PMID 18023614.
  4. Lahr DJ, Parfrey LW, Mitchell EA, Katz LA, Lara E (2011). "The chastity of amoebae: re-evaluating evidence for sex in amoeboid organisms". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 278 (1715): 2081–2090. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.0289. PMC 3107637. PMID 21429931.
  5. Woodland, Wendy, A. (1998). "Quantitative estimates of water tables and soil moisture in Holocene peatlands from testate amoebae". The Holocene. 8 (3): 261–273. doi:10.1191/095968398667004497.
  6. Porter, S.A.; Knoll, A.H. (2000). "Testate amoeba in the Neoproterozoic Era: evidence from vase-shaped microfossils in the Chuar Group, Grand Canyon". Paleobiology. 26 (3): 360–385. doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0360:taitne>2.0.co;2. Also see Cryogenian Archived October 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  7. Schmidt, A.R.; Ragazzi, E.; Coppellotti, O.; Roghi, G. (2006). "A microworld in Triassic amber". Nature. 444 (7121): 835. doi:10.1038/444835a. PMID 17167469.
  8. Hengstum, Van; Reinhardt, E.G.; Medioli, F.S.; Grocke, D.R. (2007). "Exceptionally preserved late albian (Cretaceous) Arcellaceans (Thecamoebians) from the Dakota Formation near Lincoln, Nebraska" (PDF). Journal of Foraminiferal Research. 37 (4): 300–308. doi:10.2113/gsjfr.37.4.300.
  9. Lahr, Daniel J.G.; Kosakyan, Anush; Lara, Enrique; Mitchell, Edward A.D.; Morais, Luana; Porfirio-Sousa, Alfredo L.; Ribeiro, Giulia M.; Pánek, Tomáš; Kang, Seungho; Brown, Matthew W. (2019). "Phylogenomics and Morphological Reconstruction of Arcellinida Testate Amoebae Highlight Diversity of Microbial Eukaryotes in the Neoproterozoic". Current Biology. 29 (6): 991–1001. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.01.078.
  10. Ralf Meisterfeld: Arcellinida, In: John J. Lee, Gordon F. Leedale, Phyllis Bradbury (Hrsg.): Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, 2nd Edition. Vol. 2, Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, Kansas 2000, ISBN 1-891276-23-9, pp. 827-860
  11. Adl SM, Simpson AG, Lane CE, Lukeš J, Bass D, Bowser SS, Brown MW, Burki F, Dunthorn M, Hampl V, Heiss A, Hoppenrath M, Lara E, le Gall L, Lynn DH, McManus H, Mitchell EA, Mozley-Stanridge SE, Parfrey LW, Pawlowski J, Rueckert S, Shadwick L, Schoch CL, Smirnov A, Spiegel FW (2012). "The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 59 (5): 429–514. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x. PMC 3483872. PMID 23020233.
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