Allyl chloride

Allyl chloride
Names
	Preferred IUPAC name 3-Chloroprop-1-ene
	Other names 3-Chloropropene; 1-Chloro-2-propene[1]; 3-Chloropropylene[1]
Identifiers
CAS Number	107-05-1 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEBI	CHEBI:82379;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL451126 ;
ChemSpider	13836674 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.003.144
EC Number	209-675-8;
KEGG	C19316;
PubChem CID	7850;
RTECS number	UC7350000;
UNII	V2RFT0R50S ;
UN number	1100
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID4039231 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C3H5Cl/c1-2-3-4/h2H,1,3H2 Key: OSDWBNJEKMUWAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ; InChI=1/C3H5Cl/c1-2-3-4/h2H,1,3H2 Key: OSDWBNJEKMUWAV-UHFFFAOYAQ;
	SMILES C=CCCl;
Properties
Chemical formula	C3H5Cl
Molar mass	76.52 g·mol−1
Appearance	Colorless, brown, yellow, or purple liquid[1]
Odor	pungent, unpleasant[1]
Density	0.94 g/mL
Melting point	−135 °C (−211 °F; 138 K)
Boiling point	45 °C (113 °F; 318 K)
Solubility in water	0.36 g/100 mL (20 °C)
Solubility	soluble in ether, acetone, benzene, chloroform
Vapor pressure	295 mmHg[1]
Refractive index (nD)	1.4055
Viscosity	0.3130 mPa·s[2]
Hazards
GHS pictograms
GHS Signal word	Danger
GHS hazard statements	H225, H302, H312, H315, H319, H332, H335, H341, H351, H373, H400
GHS precautionary statements	P201, P202, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P281, P301+312, P302+352, P303+361+353, P304+312, P304+340, P305+351+338, P308+313, P312, P314
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	3 3 1
Flash point	−32 °C (−26 °F; 241 K)
Autoignition; temperature	390 °C (734 °F; 663 K)
Explosive limits	2.9–11.2%
	Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LC50 (median concentration)	11000 mg/m3 (rat, 2 hr); 11500 mg/m3 (mouse, 2 hr); 5800 mg/m3 (guinea pig, 2 hr); 22500 mg/m3 (rabbit, 2 hr); 10500 mg/m3 (cat, 2 hr)[3]
	NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)	TWA 1 ppm (3 mg/m3)[1]
REL (Recommended)	TWA 1 ppm (3 mg/m3); ST 2 ppm (6 mg/m3)[1]
IDLH (Immediate danger)	250 ppm[1]
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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	Infobox references

Allyl chloride is the organic compound with the formula C H₂=CHCH₂Cl. This colorless liquid is insoluble in water but soluble in common organic solvents. It is mainly converted to epichlorohydrin, used in the production of plastics. It is a chlorinated derivative of propylene. It is an alkylating agent, which makes it both useful and hazardous to handle.[4]

Production

Laboratory scale

Allyl chloride was first produced in 1857 by Auguste Cahours and August Hofmann by reacting allyl alcohol with phosphorus trichloride.[5][4] Modern preparation protocols economize this approach, replacing relatively expensive phosphorus trichloride with hydrochloric acid and a catalyst such as copper(I) chloride.[6]

Industrial scale

Allyl chloride is produced by the chlorination of propylene. At lower temperatures, the main product is 1,2-dichloropropane, but at 500 °C, allyl chloride predominates, being formed via a free radical reaction:

CH₃CH=CH₂ + Cl₂ → ClCH₂CH=CH₂ + HCl

An estimated 800,000 metric tons were produced this way in 1997.[4]

Reactions and uses

The great majority of allyl chloride is converted to epichlorohydrin.[4] Other commercially significant derivatives include allyl alcohol, allylamine, allyl isothiocyanate (synthetic mustard oil),[7] and 1-bromo-3-chloropropane.

As an alkylating agent, it is useful in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and pesticides, such as mustard oil.

Illustrative reactions

Illustrative of its reactivity is its cyanation to allyl cyanide (CH₂=CHCH₂CN).[8] Being a reactive alkyl halide, it undergoes reductive coupling to give diallyl:[9]

2 ClCH₂CH=CH₂ + Mg → (CH₂)₂(CH=CH₂)₂ + MgCl₂

It undergoes oxidative addition to palladium(0) to give allylpalladium chloride dimer, (C₃H₅)₂Pd₂Cl₂. Dehydrohalogenation gives cyclopropene.

Safety

Allyl chloride is highly toxic and flammable. Eye effects may be delayed and may lead to possible impairment of vision.[10]

gollark: Idea: pattern-match all Macron source against code from Dale and warn if it is a close match.

gollark: Idea: warn for defining variables, as this is not good FP practice.

gollark: ```macronloop "while a is even" (a, b) { a //= b}```

gollark: What if *smart loops*, where you just give it a natural language description and a list of the variables to use, and it generates a machine learning model to use as a condition?

gollark: ```macronloop { if macron then implode() macron}```

External links

International Chemical Safety Card 0010
NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0018". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
IARC Monograph *Allyl chloride.

References

NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0018". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
Viswanath, D.S.; Natarajan, G. (1989). Data Book on the Viscosity of Liquids. Hemisphere Publishing Corporation. ISBN 0-89116-778-1.
"Allyl chloride". Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
Ludger Krähling, Jürgen Krey, Gerald Jakobson, Johann Grolig, Leopold Miksche “Allyl Compounds” in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2005. Published online: 15 June 2000.
Hofmann. Augustus William and Cahours. Augustus (1857) "Researches on a new class of alcohols," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 147: 555–574 ; see pp. 558–559.
Furniss, Brian; Hannaford, Antony; Smith, Peter; Tatchell, Austin (1996). Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry (5th ed.). London: Longman Science & Technical. pp. 558. ISBN 9780582462366.
F. Romanowski, H. Klenk "Thiocyanates and Isothiocyanates, Organic" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005, Wiley-VCH: Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a26_749
J. V. Supniewski; P. L. Salzberg (1941). "Allyl Cyanide". Organic Syntheses.; Collective Volume, 1, p. 46
Amos Turk; Henry Chanan (1947). "Biallyl". Org. Synth. 27: 7. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.027.0007.
International Programme on Chemical Safety & the Commission of the European Communities. "Allyl Chloride". International Chemical Safety Cards. © IPCS CEC 1993. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 13 February 2012.

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[NIOSH-1] NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0018". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

[2] Viswanath, D.S.; Natarajan, G. (1989). Data Book on the Viscosity of Liquids. Hemisphere Publishing Corporation. ISBN 0-89116-778-1.

[3] "Allyl chloride". Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

[Ullmann-4] Ludger Krähling, Jürgen Krey, Gerald Jakobson, Johann Grolig, Leopold Miksche “Allyl Compounds” in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2005. Published online: 15 June 2000.

[5] Hofmann. Augustus William and Cahours. Augustus (1857) "Researches on a new class of alcohols," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 147: 555–574 ; see pp. 558–559.

[Vogel-6] Furniss, Brian; Hannaford, Antony; Smith, Peter; Tatchell, Austin (1996). Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry (5th ed.). London: Longman Science & Technical. pp. 558. ISBN 9780582462366.

[Ullmann2-7] F. Romanowski, H. Klenk "Thiocyanates and Isothiocyanates, Organic" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005, Wiley-VCH: Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a26_749

[8] J. V. Supniewski; P. L. Salzberg (1941). "Allyl Cyanide". Organic Syntheses.; Collective Volume, 1, p. 46

[9] Amos Turk; Henry Chanan (1947). "Biallyl". Org. Synth. 27: 7. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.027.0007.

[10] International Programme on Chemical Safety & the Commission of the European Communities. "Allyl Chloride". International Chemical Safety Cards. © IPCS CEC 1993. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 13 February 2012.