Alfred Mond, 1st Baron Melchett

Alfred Moritz Mond, 1st Baron Melchett, PC, FRS, DL (23 October 1868 – 27 December 1930), known as Sir Alfred Mond, Bt, between 1910 and 1928, was a British industrialist, financier and politician. In his later life he became an active Zionist.

The Right Honourable The Lord Melchett PC FRS DL
First Commissioner of Works
In office 10 December 1916 – 1 April 1921
Monarch	George V
Prime Minister	David Lloyd George
Preceded by	Lewis Vernon Harcourt
Succeeded by	The Earl of Crawford
Minister of Health
In office 1 April 1921 – 19 October 1922
Monarch	George V
Prime Minister	David Lloyd George
Preceded by	Christopher Addison
Succeeded by	Sir Arthur Griffith-Boscawen
Personal details
Born	Alfred Moritz Mond 23 October 1868 (1868-10-23) Farnworth, Widnes, Lancashire, England
Died	27 December 1930 (1930-12-28) (aged 62) London
Nationality	British
Political party	Liberal Conservative
Spouse(s)	Violet Goetze (d. 1945)
Children	4, including Henry Mond, 2nd Baron Melchett
Parents	Ludwig Mond Frieda Löwenthal
Alma mater	St. John's College, Cambridge University of Edinburgh

Early life and education

Mond was born in Farnworth, Widnes, Lancashire, England, the younger son of Ludwig Mond, a chemist and industrialist who had emigrated from Germany, and his wife Frieda, née Löwenthal, both of Jewish extraction. He was educated at Cheltenham College and St. John's College, Cambridge,[1] but failed his natural sciences tripos. He then studied law at the University of Edinburgh and was called to the bar by the Inner Temple in 1894.[2][3]

Business career

Following this he joined his father's business, Brunner Mond & Company as director, later becoming its managing director. He was also managing director of his father's other company the Mond Nickel Company. Other directorships included those of the International Nickel Corporation of Canada, the Westminster Bank and the Industrial Finance Investment Corporation. His major business achievement was in 1926 working to create the merger of four separate companies to form Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) one of the world's largest industrial corporations at the time.[2] He became its first chairman.[4]

Political career

Mond was also involved in politics and sat as Liberal Member of Parliament for Chester from 1906 to 1910, for Swansea from 1910 to 1918 and for Swansea West from 1918 to 1923. He served in the coalition government of David Lloyd George as First Commissioner of Works from 1916 to 1921 and as Minister of Health (with a seat in the cabinet) from 1921 to 1922. He later switched party and represented Carmarthen from 1924 to 1928, initially as a Liberal. Although a supporter of the "New Liberalism" in his early political career and a "vocal proponent of constructive social reform" in the postwar government,[5] Mond became a Conservative in 1926 after falling out with Lloyd George over the former Prime Minister's controversial plans to nationalise agricultural land.[2][6]

Mond was created a Baronet, of Hartford Hill in Great Budworth in the County of Chester, in 1910,[7] and was admitted to the Privy Council in 1913.[2][8] In 1928 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Melchett, of Landford in the County of Southampton.[2][9]

Benefactions, Zionism and honours

Statue of Lord Melchett at Tel Mond, Israel

The Iconoclast
Sir Alfred Mond: "I'm sorry to have to disturb Your Majesty, but, owing to the shortage of sites—"
George III: "Shortage of sights, indeed!"
Cartoon from Punch, 18 August 1920

Mond's father had bequeathed a collection of old master paintings to the National Gallery and Alfred provided housing for them in 1924. In 1929 he provided land in Chelsea for the Chelsea Health Society.[2]

He first visited Palestine in 1921 with Chaim Weizmann and subsequently became an enthusiastic Zionist, contributing money to the Jewish Colonization Corporation for Palestine and writing for Zionist publications.[2] He became President of the British Zionist Foundation and made financial contributions to Zionist causes. [10] Melchett founded the town of Tel Mond, now in Israel.[11] Melchett also started building what is now one of the few private houses on the shore of the Sea of Galilee, now known as Villa Melchett. Tel Aviv and several other Israeli cities have a Melchett Street commemorating him.

One of Mond's most enduring contributions to Zionism did not come through direct political means but through his enthusiastic and active support of Pinhas Rutenberg, whom the British Government granted exclusive concessions to produce and distribute electricity in Palestine. Mond sat on the Board of the Palestine Electric Company and actively promoted the case of the company in London's political and industrial circles[12]

Mond was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1928 and received a number of honorary degrees from Oxford, Paris and other universities.[2]

Personal life

In 1894 Mond married Violet Goetze and they had one son, Henry Ludwig, and three daughters, Eva Violet, Mary Angela, and Norah Jena. Mond died in his London home in 1930, and his son succeeded in the barony.[2]

Publications

• Industry and Politics (1927)
• Imperial Economic Unity (1930)

Literary references

Mond is mentioned in T. S. Eliot's 1920 poem A Cooking Egg.[13] He is also widely considered to be the inspiration behind Mustapha Mond, one of the ten world controllers in Aldous Huxley's 1932 novel Brave New World.[14]

Coat of arms

Coat of arms of Alfred Mond, 1st Baron Melchett

Notes Coat of arms of the Mond family Coronet A coronet of a Baron Crest A Demi-Bear holding between the paws a Fountain both proper Escutcheon Quarterly: 1st and 4th, Gules a Demi-Lion rampant argent between in chief a Decrescent and an Increscent and in base a Crescent all Or on a Chief Argent an Eagle displayed between two Mullets Sable (Mond); 2nd and 3rd, Azure on a Pile between three Mullets Argent an Eagle displayed Sable (Lowenthal) Supporters Dexter: a Doctor of Science of the University of Oxford holding in the exterior hand a Chemical Measure Glass; Sinister: a Labourer holding in the exterior hand a Pick resting on the shoulder, all proper Motto Make Yourself Necessary

See also

• Ludwig Mond Award
• Melchett Medal
• Mond gas

References

1. "Mond, Alfred Moritz (MNT886AM)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
2. Greenaway, Frank (2004) 'Mond family (per. 1867–1973)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press. Retrieved on 9 March 2007.
3. "Mond, Alfred Moritz". Who's Who. Vol. 59. 1907. p. 1241.
4. ICI's first chairman Sir Alfred Mond, Picture Stockton, retrieved 25 June 2007
5. "Sir Alfred Mond (Lord Melchett), 1868-1930". Liberal History. 20 May 2012.
6. Bolitho, Alfred Mond: First Lord Melchett; Carmarthen Record Office, Dynevor Papers"
7. "No. 28400". The London Gazette. 26 July 1910. pp. 5391–5392.
8. "No. 29728". The London Gazette. 13 June 1913. p. 4187.
9. "No. 33395". The London Gazette. 19 June 1928. p. 4180.
10. Weintraub, Bob, Alfred Mond (Lord Melchett): Great Zionist Leader, The Israel Chemical Society, p. 6, retrieved 25 June 2007
11. Tel Mond, Israel, Sarasota Sister Cities Association, archived from the original on 3 April 2012, retrieved 25 June 2007
12. Shamir, Ronen (2013) Current Flow: The Electrification of Palestine. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 121, 127, 134
13. "4. A Cooking Egg". www.bartleby.com.
14. Sexton, James (1989). "Aldous Huxley's Bokanovsky ("Bokanowski" de Aldous Huxley)". Science Fiction Studies. 16 (1): 85–89. JSTOR 4239919.

External links

• Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Alfred Mond
• Portraits of Alfred Mond, 1st Baron Melchett at the National Portrait Gallery, London
• Newspaper clippings about Alfred Mond, 1st Baron Melchett in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW

Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by Robert Yerburgh	Member of Parliament for Chester 1906–1910	Succeeded by Robert Yerburgh
Preceded by Sir George Newnes, Bt	Member of Parliament for Swansea 1910–1918	Constituency abolished
New constituency	Member of Parliament for Swansea West 1918–1923	Succeeded by Howel Walter Samuel
Preceded by Sir Ellis Ellis-Griffith, Bt	Member of Parliament for Carmarthen 1924–1928	Succeeded by William Nathaniel Jones
Political offices
Preceded by Lewis Vernon Harcourt	First Commissioner of Works 1916–1921	Succeeded by The Earl of Crawford
Preceded by Christopher Addison	Minister of Health 1921–1922	Succeeded by Sir Arthur Griffith-Boscawen
Peerage of the United Kingdom
Preceded by New Creation	Baron Melchett 1928–1930	Succeeded by Henry Mond