Alexander Rutskoy

Alexander Vladimirovich Rutskoy (Russian: Александр Владимирович Руцкой; born 16 September 1947) is a Russian politician and a former Soviet military officer, Major General of Aviation (1991).[1][2] He served as the only Vice President of Russia from 10 July 1991 to 4 October 1993 and as the Governor of Kursk Oblast from 1996 to 2000. In September 1993 Rutskoy was proclaimed the Acting President of Russia following Boris Yeltsin's impeachment which led to the Russian constitutional crisis of 1993 where he played one of the key roles.[3][4]

Alexander Rutskoy Александр Руцкой
Alexander Rutskoy in 2016
Acting President of Russia (disputed)
In office 22 September 1993 – 4 October 1993
Preceded by	Boris Yeltsin
Succeeded by	Boris Yeltsin
Vice President of Russia
In office 10 July 1991 – 4 October 1993
President	Boris Yeltsin
Preceded by	Office created
Succeeded by	Office abolished
Governor of Kursk Oblast
In office 23 October 1996 – 18 November 2000
President	Boris Yeltsin Vladimir Putin
Preceded by	Vasily Shuteev
Succeeded by	Alexander Mikhaylov
Personal details
Born	(1947-09-16) 16 September 1947 Proskuriv, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union
Citizenship	Soviet (1947–1991) Russian (1991–present)
Political party	Patriots of Russia
Spouse(s)	Nellie Zolotukhin (div.) Lyudmila Novikova (div.) Irina Popova
Children	Dmitry Alexander Rostislav Catherine
Awards	Hero of the Soviet Union (1988)
Military service
Allegiance	Soviet Union  Russia
Branch/service	Soviet Air Force Russian Air Force
Years of service	1971–1993
Rank	Major general[lower-alpha 1]

Early life and career

Alexander Rutskoy was born in Proskuriv, Ukrainian SSR, USSR (today Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine). Rutskoy graduated from High Air Force School in Barnaul (1971) and Gagarin Air Force Academy in Moscow (1980). He had reached the rank of colonel when he was sent to Afghanistan.

Alexander Rutskoy in 1992

In Afghanistan, Rutskoy served as the commander of an independent air attack regiment of 40th Army. During the war, his aircraft was shot down twice, but on both occasions he managed to eject safely. On one of these two occasions, his Su-25 aircraft entered Pakistani airspace, and suffered multiple strikes, forcing Rutskoy to eject. Rutskoy ejected safely, but was captured by local people and was briefly held as a POW in Pakistan.[5] For his bravery and having flown 428 combat missions, he was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union in 1988.[6] He was chosen by Boris Yeltsin to be his vice-presidential running mate in the 1991 Russian presidential election.

Vice Presidency

On 18 May 1991, he was selected as a Vice Presidential candidate together with presidential candidate Boris Yeltsin for the 1991 election. Many of the "Democrats" considered that Yeltsin's action is wrong. Rutskoy's candidacy was chosen by Yeltsin on the very last day of the application.[7]

Rutskoy was Vice President of Russia from 10 July 1991 to 4 October 1993. As Vice President, he openly called for the independence of Transnistria and Crimea from Moldova and Ukraine.[8]

Russian constitutional crisis of 1993

Following the initial period of peaceful collaboration with Yeltsin, from the end of 1992, Rutskoy began openly declaring his opposition to the President's economic and foreign policies and accusing some Russian government officials of corruption. For instance, an account stated that he refused to shake the hands of Sergei Filatov, head of the Executive Office of the President, calling him a scum.[9] Rutskoy claimed that Filatov reduced the number of vice presidential staff in response the day after the incident.[10] His opposition to Yeltsin became especially clear during the crisis in March 1993 when the Congress of People's Deputies tried, unsuccessfully, to remove Yeltsin from the presidency. In subsequent months, Rutskoy himself was accused of corruption by the officials of Yeltsin's government. On 1 September 1993, President Boris Yeltsin suspended Rutskoy's execution of his vice-presidential duties, due to alleged corruption charges. The Russian Constitutional Court subsequently declared Yeltsin's decree to be unconstitutional.

On 21 September 1993, President Yeltsin dissolved the Supreme Soviet of Russia, which was in direct contradiction with the articles of Soviet Constitution of 1978, e.g.:

Article 121-6. The powers of the President of RSFSR cannot be used to change national and state organization of RSFSR, to dissolve or to interfere with the functioning of any elected organs of state power. In this case, his powers cease immediately.

On the night of 21–22 September 1993, Rutskoy arrived at the residence of the Russian parliament and, at 00:22, assumed the powers of acting President of Russia, in accordance with the above article. He took the presidential oath, and said: "I am taking the authority of President. The anti-constitutional decree of President Yeltsin is annulled." Rutskoy's interim presidency, although constitutional, was never acknowledged outside Russia. After the two-week standoff, and the violence erupting on the streets of Moscow, on 4 October 1993, the Parliament building was taken by Yeltsin's military forces. Rutskoy and his supporters were arrested and charged with organization of mass disturbances. On the same day, Yeltsin officially dismissed Rutskoy as Vice President, despite not having legal powers to do so, and fired him from the military forces. Rutskoy was imprisoned in the Moscow Lefortovo prison until 26 February 1994, when he and other participants of both the August 1991 and October 1993 crises were granted amnesty by the new State Duma.

Soon after his release, Rutskoy founded a populist, nationalist party, Derzhava (Russian: Держава), which failed in the 1995 legislative election to the State Duma, gathering only about 2.5% of the votes and thus not passing the 5% threshold.

Governorship

Rutskoy and Putin in May 2000

Rutskoy decided not to run for the presidency in the summer of 1996, but did run for the position of the governor of Kursk Oblast in the fall of the same year. Being a joint candidate from the communist and "patriotic forces", he was initially banned from the election, but allowed to run by the Russian Supreme Court only a few days before the election, which he won in a landslide, with about 76% of the vote. It is noted that Rutskoy had the potential to become an opposition leader upon re-entering politics but he adopted a pragmatic and compliant approach in his dealings with the government in Moscow in general and Yeltsin in particular.[11] He has apologized for starting the armed rebellion, explaining that he would not have done it if he knew it would lead to several deaths.[12] To this day, Rutskoy is still active in Russian politics.

In October 2000, Rutskoy ran for a second term as Governor. However, a few hours before the vote on 22 October was suspended from participation in the elections by the decision of the Kursk Oblast Court for the use of official position, inaccurate data on personal property, violations of election campaigning, etc.

Rutskoi submitted to the Supreme Court of Russia a protest against the decision of the Kursk Oblast Court to cancel the registration was considered by the Civil Board of the Supreme Court and rejected on 2 November 2000.[13]

In December 2001, Rutskoy was sued by the Prosecutor's Office of Kursk Oblast filed a lawsuit. The lawsuit was related to the illegal privatization of a four-room apartment (made in July 2000). Later Rutskoi was brought under article 286 of the criminal code (abuse of power) as an accused. The case was closed for lack of evidence, as no evidence was presented in the case.[14]

Further political activities

In 2003, he ran for the State Duma in one of the constituencies of Kursk Oblast. He was not allowed to vote. His registration as a candidate was cancelled by the Supreme Court due to the provision of incorrect information about the place of work in the Electoral Commission.

In 2014, he again tried to run for Governor of Kursk Oblast, but was not registered due to problems with the passage of the municipal filter.[15]

In 2016, he again ran for the State Duma as part of the federal list of the party Patriots of Russia and the single-member constituency in Kursk Oblast. The party list did not pass the 5% threshold, and Rutskoy himself lost the election, taking second place in his constituency.[16]

References

1. Expelled from army after Yeltsin's victory in the 1993 coup d'état.

1. Encarta Encyclopedia, "Encyclopedia Article: Aleksandr Rutskoy", 2008. Archived 31 October 2009
2. President's degree N УП-2459 from 24 August 1991 at Garant (in Russian)
3. Rosenberg, Steven (3 October 2003). "Remembering Russia's civil siege". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 10 April 2008.
4. Bendersky, Yevgeny (23 February 2005). "CIVIL SOCIETY. WHEN THE IMPOSITION OF WESTERN DEMOCRACY CAUSES A BACKLASH". EurasiaNet and PINR. Archived from the original on 13 August 2008. Retrieved 10 April 2008.
5. http://www.aviastar.org/air/russia/su-25.php
6. Staar, Richard F. (12 November 1992). "The Next Coup Attempt in Russia". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
7. смел, напорист, гоним...
8. Michael Kraus, Ronald D. Liebowitz (1996), Russia and Eastern Europe After Communism, p. 305. Westview Press, ISBN 0-8133-8948-8
9. Huskey, Eugene (2016). Presidential Power in Russia. London: Routledge. ISBN 9781315482194.
10. Henderson, Jane (2011). The Constitution of the Russian Federation: A Contextual Analysis. Oxford: Hart Publishing. p. 77. ISBN 9781841137841.
11. Aldis, Anne; McDermott, Roger (2004). Russian Military Reform, 1992-2002. London: Routledge. p. 28. ISBN 9781135754693.
12. Andresen, Frederick (2007). Walking on Ice: An American Businessman in Russia. Denver: Outskirts Press, Inc. p. 112. ISBN 9781432713522.
13. Суд Курска снял кандидатуру Руцкого с выборов губернатора
14. Герой Советского Союза Руцкой Александр Владимирович
15. Александру Руцкому снова отказали
16. Руцкой заявил, что выдвинется на выборах в Госдуму от "Патриотов России"

External links

• About Rutskoy's Derzhava movement