Alberta Hunter

Alberta Hunter (April 1, 1895 – October 17, 1984) was an American jazz and blues singer and songwriter from the early 1920s to the late 1950s.[1][2][3] After twenty years of working as a nurse, Hunter resumed her singing career in 1977.[4]

Alberta Hunter
Hunter in 1979
Background information
Also known asMay Alix, Josephine Beatty
Born(1895-04-01)April 1, 1895
Memphis, Tennessee
DiedOctober 17, 1984(1984-10-17) (aged 89)
Roosevelt Island, New York
GenresJazz, blues
Occupation(s)Singer
Years active1914–84
LabelsBlack Swan, Paramount, Gennett, OKeh, Victor, Columbia, Decca, Bluebird, Bluesville
Associated actsBessie Smith, Ethel Waters, Billie Holiday

Early life

Hunter was born in Memphis, Tennessee,[1][5] to Laura Peterson, who worked as a maid in a Memphis brothel, and Charles Hunter, a Pullman porter.[2] Hunter said she never knew her father. She attended Grant Elementary School, off Auction Street, which she called Auction School, in Memphis.[6] She attended school until around age 15.[7]

Hunter had a difficult childhood. Her father left when she was a child, and to support the family her mother worked as a servant in a brothel in Memphis, although she married again in 1906. Hunter was not happy with her new family and left for Chicago, Illinois, around the age of 11, in the hopes of becoming a paid singer; she had heard that it paid 10 dollars per week. Instead of finding a job as a singer she had to earn money by working at a boardinghouse that paid six dollars a week as well as room and board. Hunter's mother left Memphis and moved in with her soon afterwards.[8]

Career

Early years: 1910s–1940s

Hunter began her singing career in a bordello and soon moved to clubs that appealed to men, black and white alike. By 1914 she was receiving lessons from a prominent jazz pianist, Tony Jackson, who helped her to expand her repertoire and compose her own songs.[7]

She was still in her early teens when she settled in Chicago.[9] Part of her early career was spent singing at Dago Frank's, a brothel. She then sang at Hugh Hoskin's saloon and, eventually, in many Chicago bars.

One of her first notable experiences as an artist was at the Panama Club, a white-owned club with a white-only clientele that had a chain in Chicago, New York and other large cities. Hunter's first act was in an upstairs room, far from the main event; thus, she began developing as an artist in front of a cabaret crowd. "The crowd wouldn't stay downstairs. They'd go upstairs to hear us sing the blues. That's where I would stand and make up verses and sing as I go along." Many claim her appeal was based on her gift for improvising lyrics to satisfy the audience.[10] Her big break came when she was booked at Dreamland Cafe, singing with King Oliver and his band.[11] In early 1923, she suggested that Columbia records should record Oliver's band, but when she was not available to record with them, Columbia refused.[12]

She peeled potatoes by day and hounded club owners by night, determined to land a singing job. Her persistence paid off, and Hunter began a climb from some of the city's lowest dives to a headlining job at its most prestigious venue for black entertainers, the Dreamland ballroom. She had a five-year association with the Dreamland, beginning in 1917, and her salary rose to $35 a week.[13]

She first toured Europe in 1917, performing in Paris and London. The Europeans treated her as an artist, showing her respect and even reverence, which made a great impression on her.[13]

Her career as singer and songwriter flourished in the 1920s and 1930s, and she appeared in clubs and on stage in musicals in both New York and London. The songs she wrote include the critically acclaimed "Downhearted Blues" (1922).[14]

She recorded several records with Perry Bradford from 1922 to 1927.

Hunter recorded prolifically during the 1920s, starting with sessions for Black Swan in 1921,[15] Paramount in 1922–1924, Gennett in 1924, OKeh in 1925–1926, Victor in 1927 and Columbia in 1929. While still working for Paramount, she also recorded for Harmograph Records under the pseudonym May Alix.[16]

Hunter wrote "Downhearted Blues" with Lovie Austin and recorded the track for Ink Williams at Paramount Records. She received only $368 in royalties. Williams had secretly sold the recording rights to Columbia Records in a deal in which all royalties were paid to him. The song became a big hit for Columbia, with Bessie Smith as the vocalist. This record sold almost 1 million copies. Hunter learned what Williams had done and stopped recording for him.[11][13]

In 1928, Hunter played Queenie opposite Paul Robeson in the first London production of Show Boat at Drury Lane. She subsequently performed in nightclubs throughout Europe and appeared for the 1934 winter season with Jack Jackson's society orchestra at the Dorchester, in London. One of her recordings with Jackson is "Miss Otis Regrets".[17]

While at the Dorchester, she made several HMV recordings with the orchestra and appeared in Radio Parade of 1935 (1934),[17] the first British theatrical film to feature the short-lived Dufaycolor, but only Hunter's segment was in color. She spent the late 1930s fulfilling engagements on both sides of the Atlantic and the early 1940s performing at home.

Hunter eventually moved to New York City. She performed with Bricktop and recorded with Louis Armstrong and Sidney Bechet. With a vocal duet chorus between Clarence Todd and herself, "Cake Walking Babies (From Home)," featuring the Bechet and Armstrong, was another one of Hunter's hits recorded in December 1924 during her time in New York City.[18] She continued to perform on both sides of the Atlantic, and as the head of the U.S.O.'s first black show, until her mother's death.

In 1944, she took a U.S.O. troupe to Casablanca and continued entertaining troops in both theatres of war for the duration of World War II and into the early postwar period.[17] In the 1950s, she led U.S.O. troupes in Korea, but her mother's death in 1957 led her to seek a radical career change.

Retirement: late 1950s–1970s

Hunter said that when her mother died in 1957, because they had been partners and were so close, the appeal of performing ended for her.[19] She reduced her age, "invented" a high school diploma, and enrolled in nursing school, embarking on a career in health care, in which she worked for 20 years at Roosevelt Island's Goldwater Memorial Hospital.

The hospital forced Hunter to retire because it believed she was 70 years old. Hunter—who was actually 82 years old—decided to return to singing. She had already made a brief return by performing on two albums in the early 1960s, but now she had a regular engagement at a Greenwich Village club, becoming an attraction there until her death, in October 1984.

Comeback: 1970s–1980s

Hunter was still working at Goldwater Memorial Hospital in 1961 when she was persuaded to participate in two recording sessions. In 1971 she was videotaped for a segment of a Danish television program, and she taped an interview for the Smithsonian Institution.[20]

In the summer of 1976, Hunter attended a party for her long-time friend Mabel Mercer, hosted by Bobby Short; music public relations agent Charles Bourgeois asked Hunter to sing and connected her with the owner of Cafe Society, Barney Josephson.[4][21] Josephson offered Hunter a limited engagement at his Greenwich Village club, The Cookery. Her two-week appearance there was a huge success, turning into a six-year engagement and a revival of her career in music.[4]

Impressed with the attention paid her by the press, John Hammond signed Hunter to Columbia Records. He had not previously shown interest in Hunter, but he had been a close associate of Barney Josephson decades earlier, when the latter ran the Café Society Uptown and Downtown clubs. Her Columbia albums, The Glory of Alberta Hunter, Amtrak Blues (on which she sang the jazz classic "Darktown Strutters' Ball"), and Look For the Silver Lining, did not sell as well as expected, but sales were nevertheless healthy. There were also numerous appearances on television programs, including To Tell the Truth (in which panelist Kitty Carlisle had to recuse herself, the two having known each other in Hunter's heyday). She also had a walk-on role in Remember My Name, a 1978 film by the producer Robert Altman, for which he commissioned her to write and to perform the soundtrack music.[14]

Personal life

In 1919, Hunter married Willard Saxby Townsend, a former soldier[22] who later became a labor leader for baggage handlers via the International Brotherhood of Red Caps, was short-lived.[4][23][24] They separated within months, as Hunter did not want to quit her career. They were divorced in 1923.[25]

Hunter was a lesbian but kept her sexuality relatively private.[25] In August 1927, she sailed for France, accompanied by Lottie Tyler, the niece of the well-known comedian Bert Williams. Hunter and Tyler had met in Chicago a few years earlier. Their relationship lasted until Tyler's death, many years later.[26]

Hunter is buried[27] in the Ferncliff Cemetery and Mausoleum in Hartsdale, Westchester County, New York (Elmwood section, plot 1411), the location of many celebrity graves.[28][29]

Hunter's life was documented in Alberta Hunter: My Castle's Rockin' (1988 TV movie), a documentary written by Chris Albertson and narrated by the pianist Billy Taylor, and in Cookin' at the Cookery, a biographical musical by Marion J. Caffey, which has toured the United States in recent years with Ernestine Jackson as Hunter. Hunter's life and relationship with Lottie Tyler are represented in the play Leaving the Blues by Jewelle Gomez, produced by the TOSOS theatre company in New York City in 2020.[30]

Hunter was inducted to the Blues Hall of Fame in 2011 and the Memphis Music Hall of Fame in 2015.[31] Hunter's comeback album, Amtrak Blues, was honored by the Blues Hall of Fame in 2009.[32]

Discography
  • Songs We Taught Your Mother with Lucille Hegamin and Victoria Spivey (Prestige Bluesville, 1962)
  • Remember My Name (Columbia, 1978)
  • Amtrak Blues (Columbia, 1980)
  • The Glory of Alberta Hunter (Columbia, 1982)
  • Look for the Silver Lining (Columbia, 1983)
  • The Legendary Alberta Hunter: The London Sessions 1934 (DRG, 1991)
  • Alberta Hunter with Lovie Austins Blues Serenaders - Chicago: The Living Legends (Original Blues Classics 1961)
  • Downhearted Blues: Live at the Cookery (Varese Sarabande, 2001)

Filmography
  • Goldman, Stuart A.; Albertson, Chris; Taylor, Billy; Hunter, Alberta; Churchill, Jack; Cohen, Robert M.; Alfier, Mary (2001). Alberta Hunter: My Castle's Rockin'. New York: View Video. 1988 performance documentary.[33] ISBN 978-0-803-02331-4. OCLC 49503904.
  • Santee, Clark; Santee, Delia Gravel; Conover, Willis; Hunter, Alberta; Allen, Gary (2005). Alberta Hunter Jazz at the Smithsonian. Shanachie Entertaintment. Live performance at the Smithsonian Institution's Baird Auditorium on November 29, 1981. ISBN 978-1-561-27270-9. OCLC 58996219.
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References
  1. Lewis, Uncle Dave (17 October 1984). "Alberta Hunter: Biography". AllMusic.com. Retrieved June 13, 2014.
  2. Wilson, John S. (October 19, 1984). "Alberta Hunter, 89, Cabaret Star, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
  3. "Alberta Hunter". Notable Nurses. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
  4. Balliett, Whitney (October 31, 1977). "Let It Be Classy". The New Yorker. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
  5. "United States Census, 1910". FamilySearch.com. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
  6. Goldman, Stuart A; Albertson, Chris; Taylor, Billy; Hunter, Alberta; Churchill, Jack; Cohen, Robert M.; Alfier, Mary (2001). Alberta Hunter: My Castle's Rockin' (deluxe ed.). New York: View Video. ISBN 978-0-803-02331-4. OCLC 49503904. Retrieved July 11, 2015.
  7. Gates, Henry; et al. (2009). Harlem Renaissance Lives. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-538795-7.
  8. "Alberta Hunter". Encyclopædia Britannica. Britannica.com. October 21, 2014. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
  9. "Alberta Hunter (1895–1984)". The Red Hot Jazz Archive: A History of Jazz Before 1930. Redhotjazz.com. Archived from the original on May 7, 2008. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
  10. Gates, Henry; et al. (2009). Harlem Renaissance Lives. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 277. ISBN 978-0-19-538795-7.
  11. Larkin, Colin (2004). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Jazz (rev. updated ed.). London: Virgin in association with Muze UK. p. 431. ISBN 978-1-852-27183-1. OCLC 859068143.
  12. Brothers, Thomas (2014). Louis Armstrong: Master of Modernism. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-393-06582-4.
  13. Barlow, William (1989). Looking Up at Down: The Emergence of Blues Culture. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. pp. 134–135. ISBN 978-0-877-22583-6. OCLC 17981033.
  14. "After 20 Years of Silence, Alberta Hunter Sings 'Remember My Name'—and Memphis Gives Her the Key to the City". People (Vol. 10, No. 20). November 13, 1978. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
  15. Russell, Tony (1997). The Blues: From Robert Johnson to Robert Cray. Dubai: Carlton Books. p. 12. ISBN 1-85868-255-X.
  16. Gates, Henry; et al. (2009). Harlem Renaissance Lives. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 278. ISBN 978-0-19-538795-7.
  17. Russell, Tony (1996). The Blues: From Robert Johnson to Robert Cray. Dubai: Carlton Books. pp. 120–21. ISBN 978-1-858-68255-6. OCLC 222232351.
  18. Brothers, Thomas (2014). Louis Armstrong: Master of Modernism. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-393-06582-4.
  19. Treaster, Joseph B. (September 1978). "Belting Out the Blues at 83". Quest/78. pp. 23–28.
  20. Smith, Jessie Carney (1992). Notable Black American Women. Detroit, Michigan: Gale Research. p. 528. ISBN 0-8103-4749-0.
  21. "Remembering Charles Bourgeois: An Arbiter of Good Taste in Music, Cuisine, Fashion and People: Long-time Festival Public Relations Director". Harlem One Stop News. February 18, 2014. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
  22. "Willard Saxby Townsend". United States World War I Draft Registration Cards. Familysearch.org. Retrieved July 8, 2015.
  23. "History". Despres, Schwartz and Geoghegan. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
  24. "Williard Townsend". National Railroad Hall of Fame. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
  25. Melancon, Trimiko; Braxton, Joanne M (2015). Black Female Sexualities. New Brunswick, New Jersey, and London: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-813-57174-4. OCLC 878111531. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
  26. Marks, Carole; Edkins, Diana (1999). The Power of Pride: Stylemakers and Rulebreakers of the Harlem Renaissance. New York: Crown. ISBN 978-0-609-60096-2. OCLC 39875089.
  27. "Alberta Hunter (1895-1984) - Find A Grave..." www.findagrave.com. Retrieved 2017-11-16.
  28. Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed. McFarland & Company. Kindle edition (locations 22700–22701).
  29. "Celebrities & Notables Interred at Ferncliff". FerncliffCemetery.com. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
  30. Bader, Eleanor (19 January 2020). "Review: Leaving the Blues". Theatre is Easy.
  31. "2011 Blues Hall of Fame Inductees: Performers: Alberta Hunter". Blues Hall of Fame. 2011. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
  32. "2009 Blues Hall of Fame Inductees: Classic of Blues Recording: Album: Amtrak Blues (Columbia, 1978), Alberta Hunter". Blues Hall of Fame. 2009. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
  33. "Alberta Hunter: My Castle's Rockin'". View Video. Retrieved June 13, 2014.

Further reading
  • Carby, Hazel V. (1999). "Black Women's Blues, Motown and Rock and Roll". Cultures in Babylon: Black Britain and African America. London: Verso. pp. 40–41. ISBN 978-1-859-84884-5. OCLC 42035800.
  • Ewing, K. T. (2015). "What Kind of Woman? Alberta Hunter and Expressions of Black Female Sexuality in the Twentieth Century", in Trimiko Melancon and Joanne M Braxton. Black Female Sexualities. New Brunswick, N.J., and London: Rutgers University Press. pp. 100–112. ISBN 978-0-813-57174-4. OCLC 878111531.*
  • Gilbert, Lynn; Moore, Gaylen (1981). "Alberta Hunter." Particular Passions: Talks with Women Who Have Shaped Our Times. New York: C. N. Potter. p. 245. ISBN 978-0-517-54371-9. OCLC 6981498.
  • Harrison, Daphne Duval (1990). "She's Got a Mind to Ramble: Alberta Hunter", in Black Pearls: Blues Queens of the 1920s. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. pp. 199–218. ISBN 978-0-813-51280-8. OCLC 464014882.
  • Scott, Michelle R. (2010). "Alberta Hunter (1895–1984): She Had the World in a Jug, with the Stopper in Her Hand", in Sarah Wilkerson Freeman, Beverly Greene Bond, and Laura Helper-Ferris. Tennessee Women Their Lives and Times. Athens and London: University of Georgia Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-820-32948-2. OCLC 5559550344.
  • Taylor, Frank C.; Cook, Gerald (1988). Alberta Hunter: A Celebration in Blues. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-070-63172-4. OCLC 19040548.
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