Albert, Margrave of Meissen (1934–2012)

Prince Albert Joseph Maria Franz-Xaver of Saxony, Duke of Saxony, Margrave of Meissen[2] (30 November 1934[3] – 6 October 2012)[4] was the head of the Royal House of Saxony and a German historian. The fourth child and youngest son of Friedrich Christian, Margrave of Meissen and his wife Princess Elisabeth Helene of Thurn and Taxis, he was the younger brother of Maria Emanuel, Margrave of Meissen, who was his predecessor as head of the Royal House of Saxony.

Albert
Margrave of Meissen
The Margrave of Meissen
Head of the Royal House of Saxony
Tenure23 July 2012 – 6 October 2012
PredecessorMaria Emanuel
SuccessorAlexander or Rüdiger
Born(1934-11-30)30 November 1934
Bamberg, Upper Franconia, Bavaria, Weimar Republic
Died6 October 2012(2012-10-06) (aged 77)
Munich, Bavaria, Germany
Burial12 October 2012
Friedrichstadt (Dresden)[1]
SpouseElmira Henke
Full name
German: Albert Joseph Maria Franz-Xaver
English: Albert Joseph Maria Francis-Xavier
HouseWettin
FatherFriedrich Christian, Margrave of Meissen
MotherPrincess Elisabeth Helene of Thurn and Taxis
ReligionRoman Catholicism

Life

Albert received his secondary education at the Federal Gymnasium in Bregenz, Austria. He passed his matura in 1954. His parents and their children then moved to Munich, with support from his mother's relatives from the Thurn und Taxis dynasty. In Munich, Albert studied at the Ludwig Maximilian University. He initially studied macroeconomics, and later switched to history and ethnography. On 13 February 1961, he received his PhD for a thesis on his great-great-grandfather, King John of Saxony, and his reform of Saxon commercial law.[5]

On 30 January 1960 the Studiengruppe für Sächsische Geschichte und Kultur e.V. ("Study group for Saxon history and culture") was founded by Albert together with his parents, his elder brother Maria Emanuel, some other Saxon nobles, the Chapter of the Military Order of St. Henry, the chapter of the association of people from Dresden, and the association of Heimatvertriebene in the history department of the University of Munich. This study group became one of the largest historical societies in West Germany. After completing his studies, Albert worked as a historian and referent. He studied the history of the Duchy of Saxony and the Kingdom of Saxony, in particular the relationship of Saxony to Bavaria.[5]

At times, he was vice president of the Bund der Mitteldeutschen ("Association of Central Germans"). In 1972, he joined the Mitteldeutschen Kulturrat e.V. ("Central German Culture Council"), where he represented the interests of the Free State of Saxony.[5]

In the summer of 1982, he was allowed to visit Saxony for the first time since his youth. He visited again in 1983 and 1985. He was then not allowed to enter the German Democratic Republic again, for unknown reasons, until 1989/1990. On 22 January 1990, he participated in a Monday demonstration in Dresden and was unexpectedly asked to address the crowd. He told his audience about their task to rebuild Saxony and ended with the words "Long live Saxony, Germany, Europe and the western-Christian culture."[5]

In the subsequent elections for the Saxon parliament, he ran as a DSU candidate; he was not elected, nor did the newly elected government of Saxony employ him as an advisor. After the German reunification, he has tried to reclaim some of his family's former possessions.[5]

Marriage
The Margrave and Margravine of Meissen

Albert morganatically wed Elmira Henke in a civil ceremony on 10 April 1980 in Munich, and in a religious ceremony on 12 April 1980, in the Theatine Church,[5] also in Munich.[6] Elmira assisted Albert with his scientific and historical studies; she specialized in ethnographic topics.[5] Albert and Elmira had no children.[3]

Succession
Main article: Line of succession to the former Saxon thrones

The headship of the Royal House of Saxony is a matter of dispute in the Saxon Royal Family. The conflict stems from the fact that the last undisputed head of the house Maria Emanuel, Margrave of Meissen, and the other princes of his generation either had no children or, in the case of Prince Timo, had children (including Prince Rüdiger of Saxony) who were deemed not to be members of the Royal House of Saxony.[6] [7]

The first designated dynastic heir of Maria Emanuel was his and Albert's nephew Prince Johannes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, only son of their youngest sister Princess Mathilde of Saxony by her marriage to Prince Johannes Heinrich of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, dynast of a ducal branch of the House of Wettin senior patrilineally to the royal branch.[7] After the early death of Prince Johannes, the heirless Maria Emanuel then considered as potential heir another nephew, Alexander Afif, the eldest son of Princess Anna of Saxony and her husband Roberto Afif, despite the Afif-Saxony marriage being contrary to the traditional laws of the House of Saxony which required equal marriages for descendants to inherit dynastic rights.[7][8] On 14 May 1997 the Margrave of Meissen proposed his nephew Alexander Afif as heir and drew up a document that was signed by the other male and female members of the Royal House (including previously non-dynastic spouses of princes) setting out that Alexander would succeed on his death. The document was signed by: Anastasia, Margravine of Meissen, Prince Albert and his wife, née Elmira Henke, Prince Dedo (for himself, his brother Prince Gero and for their stepmother née Virginia Dulon – his brother Prince Timo had died in 1982), the Princesses Maria Josepha, Anna and Mathilde, and Prince Timo's third wife, née Erina Eilts.[9] Two years later on 1 July 1999 the Margrave adopted his nephew Alexander Afif, who had used the title Alexander, Prince of Saxe-Gessaphe since 1972,[10] based on his patrilineal descent from the once-sovereign Lebanese "Afif" (or Gessaphe) dynasty.[7][11]

The 1997 agreement proved to be controversial and in the summer of 2002 three of the signatories, Princes Albert, Dedo and Gero (the latter consented via proxy but had not personally signed the document)[12] retracted their support for the agreement.[13][14] The following year Prince Albert wrote that it is through Prince Rüdiger and his sons that the direct line of the Albertine branch of the House of Wettin will continue, and thus avoid becoming extinct.[15] Until his death, however, the Margrave, as head of the former dynasty, continued to regard his nephew and adopted son, Prince Alexander, as the contractual heir entitled to succeed.[16]

Immediately following the death of Maria Emanuel in July 2012, Prince Albert assumed the position of head of the Royal House of Saxony.[14] According to the Eurohistory Journal prior to the Margrave's funeral Albert met with his nephew, Alexander and recognised him as Margrave of Meissen.[14][17] However this claim is contradicted by Albert himself in his final interview, given after the funeral, where he states that he needs recognition as Margrave of Meissen.[18] Prince Alexander, citing the 1997 agreement has also assumed the headship.[14][19] Albert, Margrave of Meissen died at a hospital in Munich on 6 October 2012 at the age of 77.

Prior to the requiem for Margrave Maria Emanuel, Rüdiger, who had sought to be recognised by his uncle as a dynastic member of the House of Saxony but was refused, conducted a demonstration outside the cathedral with Saxon royalists in protest against the late Margrave Maria Emanuel's decision to appoint Alexander as heir.[14][20] The family website of Prince Rüdiger states prior to his death Albert determined Rüdiger to be his successor and instituted a clear succession plan.[21] On this basis following Albert's death Prince Rüdiger assumed the headship of the house.[22]

Ancestry

Publications by Prince Albert
  • Die Reform der sächsischen Gewerbegesetzgebung (1840–1861), PhD thesis, University of Munich, 1970
  • Dresden, Weidlich, Frankfurt 1974, ISBN 3-8035-0474-0
  • Leipzig und das Leipziger Land, Weidlich, Frankfurt 1976, ISBN 3-8035-8511-2
  • Die Albertinischen Wettiner — Geschichte des Sächsischen Königshauses (1763–1932), 1st ed., St.-Otto-Verlag, Bamberg, 1989, ISBN 3-87693-211-4; 2d ed., Gräfelfing, 1992, ISBN 3-87014-020-8
  • Weihnacht in Sachsen, Bayerische Verlagsanstalt, Munich, 1992, ISBN 3-87052-799-4
  • Die Wettiner in Lebensbildern, Styria-Verlag, Vienna, Graz and Cologne, 1995, ISBN 3-222-12301-2
  • Die Wettiner in Sachsen und Thüringen, König-Friedrich-August-Institut, Dresden, 1996
  • Das Haus Wettin und die Beziehungen zum Haus Nassau-Luxemburg, Bad Ems, 2003
  • Bayern & Sachsen — gemeinsame Geschichte, Kunst, Kultur und Wirtschaft (with Elmira of Saxony and Walter Beck), Universitas, Munich, 2004, ISBN 3-8004-1462-7
  • Königreich Sachsen: 1806–1918; Traditionen in Schwarz und Gelb, Verlagsgesellschaft Marienberg, 2007, ISBN 978-3-931770-67-9
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References
  1. "Prinz Albert wird in Dresden beigesetzt". hna.de (in German). dpa. 11 October 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
  2. "Aktuell" (in German). Prince Albert of Saxony, Margrave of Meissen. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  3. "Saxony". Almanach de Gotha (186th ed.). Almanach de Gotha. 2003. p. 340. ISBN 0-9532142-4-9.
  4. "Letzter Enkel des sächsischen Königs gestorben". Welt.de (in German). dpa/fbr. 8 October 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
  5. German Wikipedia, viewed on 18 August 2012
  6. Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels Fürstliche Häuser Band XIV (in German). Limburg an der Lahn: C. A. Starke. 1991. pp. 188–191, 586. ISBN 3-7980-0700-4.
  7. Chantal de Badts de Cugnac; Guy Coutant de Saisseval (2003). Le Petit Gotha (in French). pp. 118, 127–130. ISBN 2-9507974-0-7.
  8. Les Maisons Impériales et Royales d'Europe. Éditions du Palais-Royal. 1966. pp. 524–526.
  9. "Dieses geheime Papier regelt die Wettiner-Nachfolge" (in German). Bild. 27 July 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
  10. Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels Fürstliche Häuser Band XVIII (in German). Limburg an der Lahn: C. A. Starke. 2007. p. 11. ISBN 978-3-7980-0841-0.
  11. Huberty, Michel; Giraud, Alain; Magdelaine, F.; B. (1991). L'Allemagne Dynastique Tome VI. Paris: Laballery. pp. 475–476. ISBN 2-901138-06-3.
  12. Eggert, Hans (15 December 2009). "Von der schwierigen Suche der Wettiner nach einem Kronprinzen" (in German). Sächsische Zeitung. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
  13. "Würdelos und widerlich" (in German). Spiegel. 21 December 2002. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
  14. Beeche, Arturo (October 2012). "Obituary: Prince Albert of Saxony". Eurohistory. 15.5 (89): 17, 39.
  15. "Geschichte des Hauses Wettin von seinen Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart" (in German). Prince Albert of Saxony. 5 March 2003. Retrieved 15 May 2009.
  16. Beeche, Arturo (August 2012). "Obituary: The Margrave of Meissen". Eurohistory. XV.4 (88): 3–8, 39.
  17. Beeche, Arturo (8 October 2012). "Saxony: + Prince Albert of Saxony (1934–2012)". Euro History Journal. Archived from the original on 22 November 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
  18. "Interview mit SKH Dr. phil. Albert Prinz von Sachsen, Herzog zu Sachsen, Markgraf von Meißen" (in German). Sachsen-Lese. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
  19. "Wettiner spalten sich in zwei Lager" (in German). Bild. 25 July 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
  20. "Requiem für verstorbenen Markgrafen Wettiner Adel kam in der Hofkirche zusammen" (in German). Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk. 3 August 2012. Archived from the original on 24 June 2013. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
  21. "Der Hauschef" (in German). Haus-Wettin.de. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
  22. Locke, Stefan (12 October 2012). "Sächsischer Hochadel Und wer wird nun Wettiner-Chef?" (in German). Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
Albert, Margrave of Meissen (1934–2012)
Born: 30 November 1934 Died: 6 October 2012
Titles in pretence
Preceded by
Maria Emanuel		 — TITULAR —
King of Saxony
disputed with Alexander
23 July 2012 – 6 October 2012
Reason for succession failure:
Kingdom abolished in 1918		 Succeeded by
Rüdiger
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