Agustín Ross Cultural Centre

Agustín Ross Cultural Centre (Spanish, Centro Cultural Agustín Ross), previously known as Casino Ross (Ross Casino), is the cultural center of the city of Pichilemu in Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins Region, Chile. It was constructed between 1906 and 1909 at the request of politician Agustín Ross Edwards. The structure of the cultural center is very similar to that of the Grand Trianon in Versailles, France.

Agustín Ross Cultural Centre
Centro Cultural Agustín Ross
Agustín Ross Cultural Centre in 2017.
General information
TypeCultural center
Architectural styleFrench Baroque; highly influenced by the Grand Trianon
LocationPichilemu, Chile
AddressAgustín Ross Avenue, in front of the Agustín Ross Park
Coordinates34.38658°S 72.00976°W / -34.38658; -72.00976
Inaugurated1909 (construction: 1906–1909)
Renovated2009; 2011
Cost1,327,404USD[1]
OwnerGovernment of Pichilemu / Corporación Cultural de Pichilemu (2009–present)
Dimensions
Diameter1,936.04 square metres (20,839 sq ft)
Technical details
Floor countThree
Design and construction
ArchitectAgustín Ross Edwards
National Monument of Chile
Official nameCasino (antiguo) de Pichilemu
TypeMonumento Histórico (Historic Monument)
Designated25 February 1988 [2]
Supreme Decree#100 (published on 7 April 1988)
RegionLibertador General Bernardo O'Higgins

It is best known for housing one of the first casinos of Chile; a casino operated in the building between 1917 and 1931. After 1931 all casinos, except the newly opened Casino de Viña del Mar, were declared illegal. The building has also been used as a post office, a store selling imported goods, a hotel, a discotheque, and a bar. There were two attempts by the local government to purchase the building; the first time in 1982 failed while the second in 1995 succeeded. The former casino was declared a National Monument of Chile along with the Agustín Ross Park in February 1988.

Over time, the building deteriorated, and a project was approved in January 2007 for it to be renovated for use as a cultural center. The restored building opened in January 2009 and houses the local library. In January 2010, the cultural center was inaugurated by President Michelle Bachelet and Mayor Roberto Córdova.

History

1885–1906: The idea

Agustín Ross Edwards was a wealthy Chilean writer, member of parliament, government minister and politician. He reportedly had the dream of "creating a port which could be an alternative to the Valparaíso port," but this would turn later into "creating a touristic place, an elite resort, collecting the most important characteristics of European places, which would make it unique."[3][4]

For this purpose, Ross Edwards bought Fundo Pichilemu, a farm, from Juan Esteban Torrealba Maturana in 1885.[5] There was a little hotel in Fundo Pichilemu called La Posada, which he converted into a first-class hotel called the Gran Hotel Pichilemu (now the Agustín Ross Hotel).[2] Following the development of the Gran Hotel Pichilemu, Ross Edwards saw the need of creating "a seaside resort with all the comforts and luxuries capable of seducing the Chilean aristocracy;" for this purpose, he conceived the idea of creating a park, and a post-office building.[5] Afterwards, Agustín Ross installed amenities such as a laundry,[2] stables, and stairways, among others, according to local historian José Arraño Acevedo,[3] turning Pichilemu into a summer resort town for affluent people from Santiago and Mendoza, Argentina.[5]

1906–1930: Construction; the casino
The building circa 1910.

According to Washington Saldías González, editor of Pichilemu News, the construction of the building lasted from 1906 to 1909,[3] while Jorge Godoy Rojas, architect of the University of Chile, states that it was built between 1904 and 1906.[6] Ross wanted it to look similar to the Grand Trianon of the Tuileries Palace in Paris, France;[2] he imported building materials and furniture from France and England.[7] After its opening, the building included a post office with telegraph service and a store for imported goods,[3] exclusive to clients of the Gran Hotel Pichilemu.[8]

The National Monuments Council asserts that the first casino in Chile was opened in the building in 1906;[2][9] however, historians Antonio Saldías and José Arraño Acevedo have pointed out that it was inaugurated as a de facto casino in the summer of 1917,[10] after Agustín Ross rented the building to Argentinean businessman Alfredo Master.[5] Saldías also noted that there were casinos in Chile before Agustín Ross's arrival in Pichilemu, in towns such as Constitución.[11] The casino operated until 1931, when the Casino de Viña del Mar, the first official casino of Chile, opened;[11] all others were declared illegal.[3] Ross died in 1925 at age of 82 in Viña del Mar,[12] just months before "one of his greatest" dreams was accomplished: the railway from Palmilla and the local railway station.[13]

1930–1995: The discotheques; the National Monument
The former Ross Casino in 1935.
Ad published in Pichilemu on 30 April 1944, promoting the Gran Hotel Casino, owned by Luis González Osorio.

After the casino closed, the building was mostly left unused until the 1940s, when the González Pérez family purchased it from Agustín Ross de Ferrari, a descendant of Ross Edwards. The family converted the building into a hotel, and in the late 1940s, the underground floor was remodeled and made a clandestine casino.[14] Twenty years later, in the late 1960s, Gustavo González Pérez, then a pilot in the Chilean Air Force, along with another member of the Air Force, created an American-style discotheque called La Caverna (The Cavern) in the basement.[3] Years later, González Pérez transferred the business to other members of his family, who renamed the discotheque Los Tijuana (The Tijuanas).[3] Finally, the González Pérez family decided to close the discotheque in the late 1970s. Shortly afterwards, Rancagua businesswoman Carmelita Tello installed a boîte called Carmelita in the main room.[3] Later, Pichileminian Roberto Álvarez decided to run a discotheque called Master in the same place,[3] while at the same time, there was a grill bar called Wa-Na in another room; both businesses operated until the 1990s. The condition of the building gradually deteriorated, and its use became restricted.[3]

During the administration of Mayor Julio Waidele Wolff (1981–1983), an attempt was made to buy the building with municipal funds; however, Waidele was not allowed to complete the purchase because the price of eight million pesos (approximately US$16,000) was "too high for the municipal budget, and would leave many things without financing."[3] The building would finally be purchased in 1995 by Mayor Orlando Cornejo Bustamante with the support of the Pichilemu City Council, then composed of Aldo Polanco Contreras, Jorge Vargas González, Mario Bichón Cáceres, Mariano Polanco Galarce, and Raúl Tobar Pavez,[15] for 30 million pesos (approximately US$60,000).[3]

In 1987, after the re-inauguration of another work of Agustín Ross, the Ross Park, a request was made to the National Monuments Council that both the park and the former casino be declared Monumentos Históricos (National Monuments);[3] they were so designated on 25 February 1988.[2]

1995–2008: Restoration

After the former casino was purchased by the government of Pichilemu, the building was used to hold meetings, exhibitions of paintings, sculptures, theater, and for launching books. In 1997, the Club Aéreo de Pichilemu (Aero Club of Pichilemu) requested the building to host the fiftieth annual reunion of the Air Federation of Chile. Permission was granted, but the Club Aéreo had to purchase toilet fixtures, as the ones in the building were seriously damaged.[5] This prompted the government of Mayor Jorge Vargas González (1996–2007) to begin restoring the deteriorated former casino,[3] but it was not until 2004 that the Regional Government of Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins Region approved financing for a restoration design study. The study by the Department of Architecture of the Ministry of Public Works began in 2005 and lasted until mid–2006.[6] Afterwards, on 15 December, Intendant of Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins Region Héctor Leiva Polanco unveiled to the community of Pichilemu the design and announced that he would present a financing proposal during the next year to the Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Regional (National Fund of Regional Development).[6][16] The project was approved on 23 January 2007;[13] the budget, according to architect Jorge Godoy Rojas, was 513,125,000 pesos (US$1,026,250).[17] On 12 June 2007, the budget was increased to accommodate additional restoration work, by 100 million pesos to 663,702,000 pesos (US$1,327,404).[1]

The former Agustín Ross Casino in January 2008, during its restoration.

On 14 February 2007, the Regional Secretary (Seremi) of the Ministry of Public Works, Beatriz Valenzuela, wrote in an article in the online newspaper El Rancahuaso, "The current state of the historic monument is bad, because of the deterioration of the roof, which over the years has had permanently leaked water and humidity. This can be easily seen in the damaged wood of its inside enclosure and the great frame of the mansard roof, which is of oak wood."[13] Some months later, on 23 August, Valenzuela announced that the restoration of the building would begin that same day, after it was authorized by the Regional Government; the building would become a cultural center, housing the local public library and art galleries.[18] The restoration work was the responsibility of development firm Atelier Consultores.[19]

During the restoration of the casino, a number of historical items were found. Those included newspapers, specifically a copy of Las Últimas Noticias from February 1941, during the time the building served as a hotel; a US telephone battery from 1909; and a tile from the casino's ceiling with signatures and drawings by casino workers in 1915.[20]

2009–present: Cultural center
President Michelle Bachelet and Mayor Roberto Córdova during the inauguration of the cultural center in January 2010.
The inauguration ceremony of Governor of Cardenal Caro Teresa Núñez (right) took place at the Centro Cultural Agustín Ross, in March 2014.

The completely restored building opened on 23 January 2009, one hundred years after its original construction. An exhibition of photographs by Ana María Encina Lemarchand was the first to be staged in the restored building.[21] In June 2009, a non-political organization called the Corporación Cultural de Pichilemu (Pichilemu Cultural Corporation) was formed to manage the cultural center,[22][23] in coordination with the local government.[6] The center's inauguration was supposed to take place in March of that year, with President Michelle Bachelet Jeria in attendance;[21] however, it was postponed until 27 January 2010.[24][25] Bachelet toured the rooms of the cultural center with Mayor Roberto Córdova,[26] and later said that the center "[is] to merge itself with the origins of modern Pichilemu, restoring the facilities to do what is so necessary: to make room for the creativity, talent, imagination, dreams of so many young and many people."[24][n 1]

After the earthquakes of 27 February, and 11 March 2010, the cultural center was "slightly" damaged. The balustrades of both the northwest and southeast towers of the building fell down after the earthquakes; in the northwest tower, a pole broke; and there were some cracks and minor damage to the walls.[27] Repairs took place in February 2011, with an investment of fourteen million pesos (US$28,000) by the government of Pichilemu.[28]

Organization

The Centro Cultural Agustín Ross houses the local public library, and has four exhibition rooms, an auditorium, a music room, and several other rooms in which workshops take place for yoga, acrobatics, theatre, and other disciplines for people of all ages.[24] The restoration of the cultural centre prompted the creation of an independent organization called the Corporación Cultural de Pichilemu (Pichilemu Cultural Corporation).[23]

Public library
Logo of the Pichilemu Public Library, at the left, and the building where it was formerly located, at the right.

The Biblioteca Pública de Pichilemu (Public Library of Pichilemu) is the public library of the city of Pichilemu, and its director as of 2011 is María Angélica Yáñez Cortés. The library was created on 16 May 1989, under the leadership of Mayor René Maturana Maldonado.[29]

The library was previously located in a dedicated building on Santa María Avenue from 1989 until 16 January 2009,[29] before relocating to the Centro Cultural Agustín Ross.[30] In September 2010, the library received a donation of 150 music and culture-related books with the help of Alejandra Domedel,[31] the cultural center's communications and cultural management officer.[32]

Pichilemu Cultural Corporation

Jorge Godoy Rojas, architect of the University of Chile, suggested in an January 2007 article he wrote for the online newspaper El Cachapoal that a semi-autonomous legal entity be set up for the management of the cultural center.[6] Such a legal entity had also been suggested to the authorities previously by local cultural organizations for several years, but they had been largely ignored.[33] On 20 November 2008, fourteen local organizations, including the Tourism Chamber of Pichilemu, the Agrupación Ciudadana por un Pichilemu Limpio (Citizens Group for a Clean Pichilemu), and Canal 3 Pichilemu, sent a letter to the Pichilemu City Council requesting the creation of the Corporación Cultural de Pichilemu (Pichilemu Cultural Corporation) for the third time.[34]

In May 2009, municipal employee Jorge Torres Avaca reported that the Cultural Corporation had been approved by the City Council, and its constitution was to be drawn up on 2 June;[22] it was approved on 11 June. Of the seven directors of the corporation, two are elected, two are appointed by the Pichilemu City Council, and another two by the regional or provincial government, and the mayor presides as the seventh member.[23] Longtime Pichilemu resident sculptor Macarena Irarrázabal Correa and Professor Carlos Leyton Labarca, native of the nearby village of Ciruelos and creator of the Museo del Niño Rural (Museum of the Rural Child), were elected.[23]

Sign at the entrance to the Gruta de la Virgen.

There is a popular myth surrounding the former casino which tells of "underground caves" between the Gruta de la Virgen (also known as the Gruta de Nuestra Señora de Lourdes; Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes) and the building, crossing Agustín Ross Park. During the restoration of the building, in December 2007, it was reported that "two great walls constructed with flagstone, very wide and very close together" were found, but nothing was confirmed afterwards.[35]

Before the former casino building was completed, in 1908, Agustín Ross Edwards and Evaristo Merino reported to historiographer José Toribio Medina the existence of indigenous remains in the cave now called the Gruta de la Virgen. Medina asked Argentinean ethnographer Félix Faustino Outes to inspect the remains, and subsequently Medina wrote the book Los Restos Indígenas de Pichilemu (The Indigenous Remains of Pichilemu), using the report Faustino Outes gave him.[36]

American writer Trudy Larkin Forster wrote the book Los Gatos del Casino: la Historia de Don Agustín Ross Edwards y la Brigada de los Gatos Negros (The Cats of the Casino: the History of Sir Agustín Ross Edwards and the Brigade of the Black Cats) in 1999.[37] The book is set in Pichilemu and the Agustín Ross Casino, and it was premiered in the Children's Book Fair of Santiago in June 1999, and then in the Agustín Ross Art Room (in current Centro Cultural Agustín Ross) on 18 September of that year.[38]

gollark: It'd hit `while True: pass` on all the executor threads first.
gollark: In parallel!
gollark: It enumerates and executes all possible strings.
gollark: ```pythonimport itertoolsimport multiprocessing as mchars = [chr(x) for x in range(32, 126)]chars.extend(["\t", "\n"])def generate_for_length(length): return map(lambda chars: "".join(chars),itertools.combinations(chars, length))def generate(): for i in itertools.count(): for s in generate_for_length(i): yield sif __name__ == "__main__": def start(func): proc = m.Process(target=func) proc.start() io_queue = m.Queue(maxsize=128) def printer(): while True: print(io_queue.get()) code_queue = m.Queue(maxsize=128) def generator(): for x in generate(): code_queue.put(x) def executor(): while True: code = code_queue.get() result = None try: result = repr(exec(code)) except Exception as e: result = repr(e) if result != "None": io_queue.put(code + ": " + result) start(generator) for _ in range(4): start(executor) printer()```Expanded version.
gollark: But the exec is *important*.

See also

Notes
  1. Quotation in the original Spanish: "se funde con los orígenes del Pichilemu moderno, restaurando sus instalaciones para hacer aquello que es tan necesario: dar cabida a la creatividad, al talento, a la imaginación, a los sueños de tantos jóvenes y de tantas personas"

References
  1. Saldías, Washington (21 June 2007). "663 millones 702 mil pesos para nueva licitación de restauración y habilitación del edificio Casino". Pichilemu News (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  2. "Casino (antiguo) de Pichilemu y los Jardínes del Parque Agustin Ross" (in Spanish). National Monuments Council. Archived from the original on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2009.
  3. Saldías, Washington (5 February 2010). "Don Agustín Ross Edwards: a 166 años del natalicio del impulsor del balneario de Pichilemu". Pichilemu News (in Spanish). Pichilemu, Chile. Archived from the original on 24 August 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
  4. McCarthy, Carolyn; Carillet, Jean-Bernard (1 February 2009). Chile and Easter Island. Lonely Planet. p. 149. ISBN 978-1-74104-779-0. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  5. Saldías, Washington (2 October 2008). "El edificio del ex Casino en sus casi cien años de vida". Pichilemu News (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  6. Godoy Rojas, Jorge (14 January 2007). "Identidad local y Casino Ross de Pichilemu". Pichilemu News (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
  7. Charlotte Beech; Jolyon Attwooll; Thomas Kohnstamm & Andrew Dean Nystrom (1 May 2006). Chile and Easter Island. Footscray, Victoria, Australia: Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74059-997-9.
  8. Saldías, Washington (9 September 2007). "El edificio del casino, su restauración y habilitación como gran centro cultural". Pichilemu News (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
  9. Chile.com. "Pichilemu" (in Spanish). Chile.com. Archived from the original on 26 March 2008. Retrieved 7 December 2009.
  10. Antonio Saldías González (1990). Pichilemu: Mis fuentes de información (in Spanish). El Promoucae. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
  11. Saldías, Antonio; Saldías, Washington (28 October 2007). "Don Antonio de Petrel, el casino de Pichilemu y los casinos del país". Pichilemu News (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
  12. "Agustín Ross Edwards" (in Spanish). Library of the National Congress of Chile. 30 December 2009. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
  13. Valenzuela, Beatriz (14 February 2007). "Recuperando el Patrimonio Histórico en la costa de nuestra región: 100 años de historia". El Rancahuaso (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
  14. González, Gustavo (10 November 2008). "Pichilemino que "voló alto" cuenta detalles de sus años viviendo en el edificio del casino". Pichilemu News (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  15. "Votación Candidatos por Comuna Pichilemu Municipales 1992" (in Spanish). Ministry of the Interior of Chile. 1992. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
  16. Orellana, Paula (15 December 2006). "¿Restaurar el casino de Pichilemu?". El Rancahuaso. Archived from the original on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  17. Saldías, Washington; Godoy, Jorge (5 November 2006). "Cumpleaños de promesa incumplida: presentación del proyecto de diseño arquitectónico". Pichilemu News (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
  18. Valenzuela, Beatriz (23 August 2007). "Se inicia recuperación de edificio histórico: Casino Ross de Pichilemu". El Rancahuaso (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
  19. Saldías, Washington (27 April 2006). "Futuro centro cultural Ross dará espacio a todas las disciplinas artísticas". Pichilemu News (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
  20. Valenzuela, Beatriz (29 October 2007). "Hallazgos históricos en la obra de restauración del ex casino Ross de Pichilemu". El Rancahuaso (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
  21. Saldías, Washington (23 January 2009). "Oficialmente se reabrieron las puertas del ex Casino (M.N.), para dar espacio a la cultura y las artes". Pichilemu News (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  22. Saldías, Washington (28 May 2009). "Invitan a constituir Corporación Cultural Municipal para el martes 2 en el Centro Cultural Ross". Pichilemu News (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
  23. Saldías, Washington (11 June 2009). "Pichilemu: nació finalmente la Corporación Cultural Municipal". Pichilemu News (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
  24. "Más de 84 mil millones invertirá el Gobierno; Presidenta Bachelet puso la primera piedra del nuevo hospital regional" (in Spanish). Intendance of Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins Region. 28 January 2010. Archived from the original on 2012-03-28. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
  25. Saldías, Washington (27 January 2010). "Presidenta Bachelet está visitando la región de O'Higgins: Rancagua, Paredones y Pichilemu". Pichilemu News (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  26. "Presidenta Bachelet causa conmoción en Pichilemu". El Rancahuaso (in Spanish). 27 January 2010. Archived from the original on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  27. Saldías, Washington (14 March 2010). "Aprendamos la lección y hagamos de la tragedia una oportunidad de hacer las cosas bien y ser mejores". Pichilemu News (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  28. Jérez Reyes, Julio (25 February 2011). "Financiamiento para restauración de obras emblemáticas demorará entre tres y cinco años". El Tipógrafo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  29. "Biblioteca de Pichilemu 244 BC1". BiblioRedes. 2009. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  30. Escárate, Daniela (22 January 2010). "Pichilemu: entre la aristocracia y el surf". La Nación (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 25 January 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  31. Sepúlveda, Alejandra (26 September 2010). "Con nuevos textos cuenta Biblioteca de Pichilemu". El Rancagüino Online (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  32. "Quienes Somos" (in Spanish). Centro Cultural Agustín Ross. 2011. Archived from the original on 6 October 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
  33. Saldías, Washington (13 January 2007). "Para restaurar y habilitar el edificio del casino es fundamental la creación de la corporación cultural municipal". Pichilemu News (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 30 April 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  34. Saldías, Washington (21 November 2008). "Organizaciones pichileminas suplican al Concejo Municipal crear corporación cultural". Pichilemu News (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  35. Valenzuela, Beatriz (9 December 2007). "Pichilemu: reconstrucción del ex casino Ross; ¿existen las cuevas subterráneas?" (in Spanish). Atina Chile. Archived from the original on 2012-03-21. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
  36. Medina, José Toribio (1908). Los restos indígenas de Pichilemu (in Spanish). Imprenta Cervantes. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
  37. Forster, Trudy Larkin (1999). Los gatos del casino: la historia de Don Agustín Ross Edwards y la brigada de los gatos negros. Eds. SM Chile. ISBN 978-956-264-113-5. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  38. Saldías, Washington (4 February 2005). "Nunca es tarde para reiterar nuestras disculpas". Pichilemu News (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
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