Aguas Calientes (volcano)

Aguas Calientes Volcano or Cerro Aguas Calientes, also called Simba,[2] is a cone-shaped stratovolcano located 5 kilometres (3 mi) east of the Lascar volcano and 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north of Laguna Lejía, Chile.[2] Aguas Calientes is located within a 500 square kilometres (190 sq mi) area where the Cordón de Puntas Negras and the Cordón Chalviri volcanic chains intersect.[2] The volcano is constructed from andesite and dacite containing hornblende and also anhydrite and its pyroclastics are all older than Lascar.[3][4] The volcano has a diameter of about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi).[5] Some xenoliths of calc-alkaline material are found in Aguas Calientes lavas, and magma mixing has generated lavas containing andesite inclusions in dacites. One eruption of Aguas Calientes postdates the first centre of Lascar and was originally linked to the Lascar Piedras Grandes eruption, before sampling on the deposits of this eruption indicated a relationship with the Lascar volcano itself.[6] Effusion of lava ceased after the cone was built.[7] One summit lava flow may be of Holocene age,[8] but no evidence of historical activity is found (González-Ferrán 1985).

Aguas Calientes
Cerro Aguas Calientes
Aguas Calientes on the right. The ridge on the left foreground is Cerro Corona. Behind it Lascar.
Highest point
Elevation5,924 m (19,436 ft) [1]
ListingList of volcanoes in Chile
Coordinates23°21′47″S 67°40′55″W [2]
Geography
Aguas Calientes
Chile
LocationAntofagasta, Chile
Parent rangeAndes
Geology
Mountain typeStratovolcano

The volcano has been affected by glaciation. Glacial U-shaped valleys are found on the northern and western flanks, giving the volcano some angular patterns. One valley with glacial features and a subglacial river channel at 4,650 metres (15,260 ft) altitude is found on the northern flank. It extends down to the valley north of Aguas Calientes and intersects the youngest lavas of the volcano.[4]

The volcano has a well formed summit crater.[8] A small crater lake is found within the Aguas Calientes summit crater, making it one of the highest lakes in the world[9] at an altitude of 5,870 metres (19,260 ft). The lake has a surface area of 2,500 square metres (27,000 sq ft)[2] and is tinged red from a population of microorganisms.[5] The lake water is acidic and is frequently influenced by activity from Lascar, with winds carrying sulfuric acid and water vapour clouds to the crater lake. Precipitation was measured at 146 millimetres per year (5.7 in/year) with most precipitation falling during the winter months,[2] and strong UV irradiation.[10] The lake has a bacterial ecosystem that is primarily reliant on photosynthesis but may also be influenced by hydrothermal activity from Aguas Calientes volcano.[11] Research has found only limited numbers of bacterial taxa and a large number of DNA sequences that can't be identified as known phylogenetic groups.[12] The lake has been studied as a possible terrestrial analogy to Mars.[2]

See also

References
  1. "Lascar". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  2. Cabrol, Nathalie A.; Grin, Edmond A.; Chong, Guillermo; Minkley, Edwin; Hock, Andrew N.; Yu, Youngseob; Bebout, Leslie; Fleming, Erich; Häder, Donat P.; Demergasso, Cecilia; Gibson, John; Escudero, Lorena; Dorador, Cristina; Lim, Darlene; Woosley, Clayton; Morris, Robert L.; Tambley, Cristian; Gaete, Victor; Galvez, Matthieu E.; Smith, Eric; Uskin-Peate, Ingrid; Salazar, Carlos; Dawidowicz, G.; Majerowicz, J. (5 November 2009). "The High-Lakes Project". Journal of Geophysical Research. 114. doi:10.1029/2008JG000818.
  3. Matthews, S. J.; Jones, A. P.; Beard, A. D. (1 October 1994). "Buffering of melt oxygen fugacity by sulphur redox reactions in calc-alkaline magmas". Journal of the Geological Society. 151 (5): 815–823. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.151.5.0815.
  4. Gardeweg, M. C.; Sparks, R. S. J.; Matthews, S. J. (1 February 1998). "Evolution of Lascar Volcano, Northern Chile". Journal of the Geological Society. 155 (1): 89–104. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.155.1.0089.
  5. "Volcanoes". High Lakes 2006 Expedition. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  6. Matthews, S. J.; Jones, A. P.; Gardeweg, M. C. (1 April 1994). "Lascar Volcano, Northern Chile; Evidence for Steady-State Disequilibrium". Journal of Petrology. 35 (2): 401–432. doi:10.1093/petrology/35.2.401.
  7. Zeil, Werner (December 1964). "Die Verbreitung des jungen Vulkanismus in der Hochkordillere Nordchiles". Geologische Rundschau (in German). 53 (2): 756. doi:10.1007/BF02054561.
  8. Venzke, Edward (1993). "Report on Lascar (Chile)". Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network. 18 (4). doi:10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN199304-355100.
  9. "The Highest Lakes in the World". Archived from the original on 24 August 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-22.
  10. Mapelli, Francesca; Marasco, Ramona; Rolli, Eleonora; Daffonchio, Daniele; Donachie, Stuart; Borin, Sara. Volcanic Lakes. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 507–521. ISBN 978-3-642-36833-2.
  11. Demergasso, Cecilia; Dorador, Cristina; Meneses, Daniela; Blamey, Jenny; Cabrol, Nathalie; Escudero, Lorena; Chong, Guillermo (17 August 2010). "Prokaryotic diversity pattern in high-altitude ecosystems of the Chilean Altiplano". Journal of Geophysical Research. 115. doi:10.1029/2008JG000836.
  12. Escudero, Lorena; Chong, Guillermo; Demergasso, Cecilia; Farías, María Eugenia; Cabrol, Nathalie A.; Grin, Edmond; Minkley Jr., Edwin; Yu, Yeoungeob (1 October 2007). "Investigating microbial diversity and UV radiation impact at the high-altitude Lake Aguas Calientes, Chile". Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology X. 6694. doi:10.1117/12.736970. hdl:11336/92123.

Sources

  • González-Ferrán, Oscar (1995). Volcanes de Chile. Santiago, Chile: Instituto Geográfico Militar. p. 640. ISBN 956-202-054-1. (in Spanish; also includes volcanoes of Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru)


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