Adobe Illustrator

Adobe Illustrator is a vector graphics editor and design program developed and marketed by Adobe Inc. Originally designed for the Apple Macintosh, development of Adobe Illustrator began in 1985. Along with Creative Cloud (Adobe's shift to monthly or annual subscription service delivered over the Internet), Illustrator CC was released. The latest version, Illustrator CC 2020, was released on October 24, 2019 and is the 24th generation in the product line. Adobe Illustrator was reviewed as the best vector graphics editing program in 2018 by PC Magazine.

Adobe Illustrator
Adobe Illustrator CC running on macOS High Sierra
Developer(s)Adobe Inc.
Initial releaseMarch 19, 1987 (1987-03-19)
Stable release
CC 2020 (24.2) / June 20, 2020 (2020-06-20)
Written inC++
Operating systemWindows 10 and macOS 10.12 Sierra and later
TypeVector graphics editor
LicenseProprietary
Websitewww.adobe.com/products/illustrator.html 

History

Versions 1–1.6 (Illustrator 88)

Development of Adobe Illustrator for the Apple Macintosh began in 1985[1] (shipping in January 1987) as a commercialization of Adobe's in-house font development software and PostScript file format. Adobe Illustrator is the companion product of Adobe Photoshop. Photoshop is primarily geared toward digital photo manipulation and photorealistic styles of computer illustration, while Illustrator provides results in the typesetting and logo graphic areas of design. Early magazine advertisements (featured in graphic design trade magazines such as Communication Arts) referred to the product as "the Adobe Illustrator". Illustrator 88, the product name for version 1.7,[2] was released in 1988 and introduced many new tools and features.[3]

Byte in 1989 listed Illustrator 88 as among the "Distinction" winners of the Byte Awards, stating that with it Adobe had "pulled ahead" of previously industry-dominant competitor Aldus FreeHand.[4]

Early versions of the software did not support working in preview mode and users needed to have two windows open on their desktop in order to have a live preview of their work. One window to show the work in progress, the other window to show a preview of the work in progress.

Versions 2–6

Although during its first decade Adobe developed Illustrator primarily for Macintosh, it sporadically supported other platforms. In the early 1990s, Adobe released versions of Illustrator for NeXT, Silicon Graphics, and Sun Solaris platforms, but they were discontinued due to poor market acceptance. The first version of Illustrator for Windows, version 2.0, was released in early 1989 and flopped. The next Windows version, version 4.0, was widely criticized as being too similar to Illustrator 1.1 instead of the Macintosh 3.0 version, and certainly not the equal of Windows' most popular illustration package CorelDRAW. (Note that there were no versions 2.0 or 4.0 for the Macintosh—although, the second release for the Mac was titled Illustrator 88—the year of its release. And there was no version 6 for Windows.) Version 4 was, however, the first version of Illustrator to support editing in preview mode, which did not appear in a Macintosh version until 5.0 in 1993. Version 6 was the last truly Macintosh version of Illustrator. The interface changed radically with the following version to bring consistency between Mac and windows computer platforms. The changes remained until CS6 when some small steps were taken to restore the app to a slightly more Mac-like interface.

Versions 7–10
Adobe Illustrator 10, the last version before the Creative Suite rebrand

With the introduction of Illustrator 7 in 1997, Adobe made critical changes in the user interface with regard to path editing (and also to converge on the same user interface as Adobe Photoshop), and many users opted not to upgrade. Illustrator also began to support TrueType, effectively ending the "font wars" between PostScript Type 1 and TrueType. Like Photoshop, Illustrator also began supporting plug-ins, greatly and quickly extending its abilities.

With true user interface parity between Macintosh and Windows versions starting with 7.0, designers could finally standardize on Illustrator. Corel did port CorelDRAW 6.0 to the Macintosh in late 1996, but it was received as too little, too late. Designers tended to prefer Illustrator, Drawcord, or FreeHand, based on which software they learned first. As an example, there are capabilities in FreeHand still not available in Illustrator (higher scaling percentages, advanced find-and-replace feature, selective round-corner editing, export/print selected objects only, etc.).[5] Famously, Aldus did a comparison matrix between its own FreeHand, Illustrator and Draw, and Draw's one "win" was that it came with three different clip art views of the human pancreas.

Adobe bought Aldus in 1994 for Page Maker.[6] As part of the transaction, the Federal Trade Commission issued a complaint of Adobe Systems on October 18, 1994, ordering a divestiture of FreeHand to "remedy the lessening of competition resulting from the acquisition"[7] because of Adobe's Illustrator software. As a result, Macromedia acquired Free Hand in 1995 from its original developer, Altsys, and continued its development through 2004.[8]

Illustrated by Adobe illustrator

The difference in strengths between Photoshop and Illustrator became clear with the rise of the Internet, Illustrator was enhanced to support Web publishing, rasterization previewing, PDF, and SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics.) Adobe was an early developer of SVG for the web and Illustrator exported SVG files via the SVG File Format plugin.[9] Using the Adobe SVG Viewer (ASV), introduced in 2000, allowed users to view SVG images in most major browsers until it was discontinued in 2009.[10] Native support for SVG was not complete in all major browsers until Internet Explorer 9 in 2011.[11]

Illustrator Version 9 included a tracing feature, similar to that within Adobe's discontinued product Streamline.

Illustrator version 10 was released by Adobe in November 2001.

Versions CS–CS6

Illustrator CS (aka version 11), released by Adobe for Mac and Windows in October 2003, was the first version to include 3-dimensional capabilities allowing users to extrude or revolve shapes to create simple 3D objects.

Illustrator CS2 (version 12), released by Adobe in April 2005, was available for both the Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows operating systems. It was the last version for the Mac which did not run natively on Intel processors. Among the new features included in Illustrator CS2 were Live Trace, Live Paint, a control palette and custom workspace. Live Trace allows for the conversion of bitmap imagery into vector art and improved upon the previous tracing abilities. Live Paint allows users more flexibility in applying color to objects, specifically those that overlap. In the same year as the CS2 release, Adobe Systems announced an agreement to acquire Macromedia in a stock swap valued at about $3.4 billion and it integrated the companies' operations, networks, and customer-care organizations shortly thereafter.[12] Adobe now owned Freehand along with the entire Macromedia product line and in 2007, Adobe announced that it would discontinue development and updates to the Freehand program. Instead, Adobe would provide tools and support to ease the transition to Illustrator.[13]

Illustrator CS3 included interface updates to the Control Bar, the ability to align individual points, multiple Crop Areas, the Color Guide panel and the Live Color feature among others. CS3 was released on March 27, 2007.

CS4 was released in October 2008. It features a variety of improvements to old tools along with the introduction of a few brand-new tools acquired from FreeHand. The ability to create multiple art boards is one of CS4's main additions from Freehand. The art boards allow you to create multiple versions of a piece of work within a single document. Other tools include the Blob Brush, which allows multiple overlapping vector brush strokes to easily merge or join, and a revamped gradient tool allowing for more in-depth color manipulation as well as transparency in gradients.

CS5 was released in April 2010. Along with a number of enhancements to existing functionality, Illustrator CS5's new features include a Perspective Grid tool taken from FreeHand, a Bristle Brush (for more natural and painterly looking strokes) and a comprehensive update to strokes, referred to by Adobe as "Beautiful Strokes".

Version CS6 was the 16th generation of Adobe Illustrator. Adobe added many more features and several bug fixes such as a new user interface, layer panels, RGB codes, and color ramp to increase performance. CS6 was released on April 23, 2012.

Version CC

Along with Creative Cloud (the result of Adobe's shift on its release strategy), Illustrator CC was released. This version (the 17th) was the first to be only sold in a subscription-based service model, in line with the other software in the formerly called Creative Suite. As part of Creative Cloud, this version brought improvements in that subject such as color, font and program settings syncing, saving documents to the cloud, and integration with Behance (a creative collaborative network), as well as other features such as a new touch-compatible type tool, images in brushes, CSS extraction, and files packaging.[14]

Branding

Starting with version 1.0, Adobe chose to license an image of Sandro Botticelli's "The Birth of Venus" from the Bettmann Archive and use the portion containing Venus' face as Illustrator's branding image. John Warnock desired a Renaissance image to evoke his vision of PostScript as a new Renaissance in publishing, and Adobe employee Luanne Seymour Cohen, who was responsible for the early marketing material, found Venus' flowing tresses a perfect vehicle for demonstrating Illustrator's strength in tracing smooth curves over bitmap source images. Over the years the rendition of this image on Illustrator's splash screen and packaging became more stylized to reflect features added in each version.

The image of Venus was replaced (albeit still accessible via easter egg) in Illustrator CS (11.0) and CS2 (12.0) by a stylized flower to conform to the Creative Suite's nature imagery.[15] In CS3, Adobe changed the suite branding once again, to simple colored blocks with two-letter abbreviations, resembling a periodic table of elements.[16] Illustrator was represented by the letters Ai in white against an orange background (oranges and yellows were prominent color schemes in Illustrator branding going back as far as version 4.0). The CS4 icon is almost identical, except for a slight alteration to the font and the color which is dark gray. The CS5 icon is also virtually the same, except that this time the logo is like a box, along with all the other CS5 product logos, with the "Ai" bright yellow. CS6 changed it a bit to a brown square with a yellow border and yellow lettering, and in CC 2014 the colors were upgraded to a sharper tone and thinner borders.

Compatibility

Compatibility with Inkscape:[17] Inkscape's native format is SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics), which is supported by Adobe Illustrator, but the two implementations are not 100% compatible. Inkscape also exports to PS, EPS and PDF, formats which Illustrator can recognize.

Tools

A sidebar that appears at the left of the screen with a variety of tools to select, create, and manipulate objects or artworks in Illustrator. These tools can be selected as following: drawing, typing, painting, reshaping, slicing and cutting, symbolism, moving and zooming, and graph.[18] Some tools have a small triangle at the bottom right of the toolbox icon. A small triangle has the option to view or expand some hidden tools by hold down the mouse button on the triangle.[19]

Some examples of basic tools in illustrator are selection tools, paintbrush tools, pen tools, pencil tools e.g. Selection tools are used to the layout, adjust, and organize the artwork by selecting, positioning, and stacking object accurately. Moreover, selection tools can group, lock or hide, and measure objects.[20] Paintbrush tools can be used to modify the appearance of the artwork. There are different types of brushes: calligraphic, scatter, art, pattern, and bristle.[21] Pen tools create straight and curved lines for the artwork and they can add anchor points to paths and delete from paths. Pencil tools allow the user to draw and edit freehand lines.

Release history
Release history of Adobe Illustrator, sorted by version number[22]
VersionPlatformsRelease dateCode nameNotable features
1.0Classic Mac OSJanuary 1987Picasso
1.1Classic Mac OSMarch 19, 1987Inca
88Classic Mac OSMarch 1988
2.0WindowsJanuary 1989Pinnacle
3Classic Mac OS, NeXT, other UnixesOctober 1990Desert Moose
3.5IRIX1991
4WindowsMay 1992Kangaroose
3.5Solaris1993
5Classic Mac OSJune 1993SaturnGraph creation, layers, live editing in preview mode
5.5Classic Mac OS, Solaris[23]June 1994JanusSpell checker, find/replace text function
5.5.1IRIX1995
6Classic Mac OSFebruary 1996PopeyeGradients, eye dropper, paint bucket
5.1Windows1996Pavel
7Mac/WindowsMay 1997SimbaTabbed dockable palettes, transform palette, align palette, Photoshop pixel filters, rasterize, punk, bloat, free distort, layout grid, vertical text tool
8Mac/WindowsSeptember 1998ElvisPencil tool, bounding box handles, smart guides, actions palette, bitmap eyedropper, gradient mesh, live brushes, links palette
9Mac/WindowsJune 2000MatisseFlash & SVG output, pixel preview, release to layers, drop shadows, transparency, feathering, opacity & layer mask, native PDF support
10Mac/WindowsNovember 2001PalomaLive pathfinder shapes, symbols, slicing, css layer support, ODBC data link, variables palette, save for web, live distortion, warping, envelopes (warp/mesh/top object), liquify tools, grid/line/arc/polar grid tools, flare tool, magic wand
CS (11)Mac/WindowsOctober 2003Pangaea/Sprinkles3D effect, OpenType support, character & paragraph styles, template file format, scribble effect, columns & rows, optical kerning, optical margins, every-line composer, custom tab leaders, WYSIWYG font menu, Japanese type support, path type option, save for Microsoft Office
CS2 (12, 12.0.1)Mac/WindowsApril 27, 2005ZodiacLive trace, live paint, colorized grayscale, Photoshop layer support, expanded stroke options, control palette, Adobe Bridge support, Wacom tablet support, SVG-t export, PDF/X export, released with an official serial number because of the technical glitch on Adobe's CS2 activation servers as of January 2013 (see Creative Suite 1 & 2)
CS3 (13)Mac/WindowsApril 2007JasonLive color, Flash integration, eraser tool, document profiles, crop area, isolation mode
CS4 (14)Mac/WindowsOctober 2008SonnetMultiple artboards, transparency in gradients, blob brush, live gradient editing, separations previews, in-palette appearance editing
CS5 (15, 15.0.1, 15.0.2)Mac/WindowsMay 2010AjantaPerspective drawing tools, variable-width strokes, control over opacity in points on gradient meshes, shape builder tool (similar to pathfinder tools) and a bristle brush, which enables users to imitate real life brush strokes while maintaining vector format.
CS6 (16, 16.0.2)Mac/WindowsMay 2012ElloraAdobe Mercury Performance System, 64-bit memory support, new user interface, gradient on a stroke, pattern creator tool, ImageTrace (replaces Live Trace)
CC (17)Mac/WindowsJune 17, 2013Deeper Creative Cloud integration (font, color palette and settings syncing, Behance integration), new typing capabilities, multiple file place, images in brushes, CSS extraction
CC (17.1)Mac/WindowsJanuary 16, 2014Live Corners, updated pencil, path reshaping, Typekit integration, custom tool panels
CC 2014 (18.0)Mac/WindowsJune 18, 2014Live Rectangles, pen rubberband, bezier handles no longer grid-snap, Windows GPU performance
CC 2014 (18.1)Mac/WindowsOctober 6, 2014CC Libraries, Touch Workspace, Curvature tool, Join tool, auto type area resizing
CC 2015 (19.0.0)Mac/WindowsJune 16, 2015Linked assets in Libraries, Adobe Stock integration, Faster [zoom/pan/scroll], Safe mode, file data recovery, GPU performance, tool and workspace enhancements, Charts preview
CC 2015.1 (19.1.0)Mac/WindowsJuly 25, 2015Stability fixes
CC 2015.2 (19.2.0)Mac/WindowsNovember 30, 2015Enhanced Creative Cloud Libraries, Shaper tool, new Live Shapes, Dynamic Symbols, enhanced Smart Guides, new SVG Export options, Touch Workspace enhancements, Charts removed
CC 2015.3 (20.0) Mac/Windows June 20, 2016 Updated and better collaboration with libraries, Work more efficiently with Adobe Stock, Live shapes and transform panel updates, Adobe Experience Design CC (Preview) integration, fast export of assets and Artboards
CC 2015.3.1 (20.1) Mac/Windows August 10, 2016 New search for Adobe Stock assets
CC 2017 (21.0.0) Mac/Windows November 2, 2016 Improved alignment tools, find fonts faster, work easier with glyphs, easy access to templates including free Adobe Stock templates, archive and restore all your assets stored in Creative Cloud, introducing Typekit Marketplace, see a live preview by hovering over the font list with selected text, zoom to selection, flat UI and new icons
CC 2017.0.1 (21.0.1) Mac/Windows January 9, 2017 Stability fixes
CC 2017.0.2 Mac/Windows January 15, 2017 Stability fixes
CC 2017.1 (21.1.0) Mac/Windows April 5, 2017 Bitmap cropping added; start screen loads faster; color theme panel redesigned; stability enhancements
CC 2018 (22.0.0) Mac/Windows October 18, 2017 Properties panel; Puppet Warp; 1000 artboards; Variable and SVG color font support; MacBook touchbar support
CC 2018 (22.1.0) Mac/Windows March 13, 2018 Increased anchor point and handle sizes; import multi-page PDF files; support for CSV data source files; live SVG paste; locked items don't move with artboards by default
CC 2019 (23.0.0) Mac/Windows October 15, 2018 Freeform Gradients; Global Edit; Trim View; Scalable UI; customizable toolbars; Content-Aware Crop; Presentation Mode; enhanced visual font browsing; external GPU support; stability enhancements.
2019 (23.0.2) Mac/Windows February 8, 2019 Lock for the New Customizable Toolbar; Rotate dialogue box does have default focus on the rotate input widget; constraint angle with the Shift key to draw linear and radial gradients; stability enhancements.
2019 (23.1.0) Mac/Windows September 18, 2019 Improved path simplification; faster drop shadow, inner/outer glow, and Gaussian blur effects; improved file save/open on networks and removable media; Performance improvements.
2020 (24.0) Mac/Windows October 24, 2019 Improved File Handling; Improved UI; Background File Saving; faster rendering of effects and live previews; more efficient path simplification; spell check; Performance improvements.
2020 (24.0.2) Mac/Windows December, 2019 New Reset Preferences option; faster file saving.
2020 (24.1) Mac/Windows March 6, 2020 Real-time drawing; Cut and Copy artboards; enhanced free distort; stability enhancements.
2020 (24.2) Mac/Windows June 16, 2020


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See also

References
  1. Adobe Creative Cloud (May 14, 2014), The Story Behind Adobe Illustrator (Part 1 of 3) | Adobe Creative Cloud, retrieved September 17, 2017
  2. Wichary, Marcin. "Illustrator splash screens". Guidebookgallery.org. Retrieved December 4, 2010.
  3. "Illustrator 88 demonstration video". Youtube.com. September 20, 2007. Archived from the original on October 20, 2010. Retrieved December 4, 2010.
  4. "The Byte Awards". Byte. January 1989. p. 327.
  5. "FreeHand Firsts". The Nelson Group, Inc. Archived from the original on May 30, 2011. Retrieved April 26, 2011.
  6. "Merger creates stronger DTP competition". Folio. April 15, 1994. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
  7. "Federal Trade Commission Decisions, Complaint 118 F.," (PDF). In the matter of Adobe Systems Incorporated, Et Al. October 18, 1994. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 24, 2010. Retrieved February 8, 2010.
  8. Macromedia’s purchase of Altsys raises questions. InfoWorld. November 7, 1994. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
  9. "Scalable Vector Graphics". Adobe.
  10. "Adobe to Discontinue Adobe SVG Viewer". Adobe.
  11. Scalable Vector Graphics#Compatibility
  12. "Adobe Completes Acquisition of Macromedia". Adobe Systems. December 5, 2005. Archived from the original on December 19, 2008. Retrieved December 29, 2008.
  13. "FreeHand no longer updated; moving to Illustrator". John Nack on Adobe. Adobe Blogs. May 16, 2007. Retrieved July 19, 2009.
  14. "Illustrator CC vs. CS6 versions | Adobe Illustrator CC history". Adobe. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  15. Stone, Terri (April 27, 2005). "Inside CS2: MetaDesign Shares Its Secrets". CreativePro.com. Archived from the original on January 3, 2008.
  16. Pieters, Veerle (December 21, 2006). "The new Adobe icons and branding". Veerle's blog. Archived from the original on December 7, 2017. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
  17. Inkscape for Adobe Illustrator users, Inkscape.org
  18. "Tool Galleries". Retrieved March 29, 2018.
  19. "Tools". Retrieved March 29, 2018.
  20. "Selection Tool Galleries". Retrieved March 29, 2018.
  21. "Brushes Tools". Retrieved March 29, 2018.
  22. "Illustrator release notes". Adobe. October 13, 2017. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
  23. Michael J. Connolly. "1999: SUMMARY: Solaris-Adobe Products (a little long)". Sunmanagers.org. Archived from the original on May 18, 2011. Retrieved December 4, 2010.
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