Accropode

Accropode blocks are man-made unreinforced concrete objects designed to resist the action of waves on breakwaters and coastal structures.

Large accropode units are lowered into a position offshore by aid of a crane.

History
Accropode (1981)

The Accropode is a single-layer artificial armour unit developed by Sogreah in 1981. Accropode concrete armour units are applied in a single layer.

Ecopode (1996)

The Ecopode armour unit with a rock-like appearance was developed by Sogreah to enhance the natural appearance of concrete armourings above low water level. A patent application was filed in 1996. The color and type of rock-like appearance can be specified to match the surrounding landscape.

Accropode II (2004)

In 1999, Sogreah modified the original Accropode shape by chipping away excess materials and adding friction features in the form of small pyramids. A patent application was filed for this modified shape. In 2004 further modifications to the 1999 shape were made, resulting in the Accropode II. The shape modifications are intended to increase interlocking.

Design

Hydraulic stability

Specified stability coefficients at design stage:

  • Hudson’s design KD values:
    • 15 on trunk sections (16 for Accropode II)
    • 11.5 on roundheads (12.3 for Accropode II)
  • Van der Meer stability number:

NS = HS/(∆ Dn50)= 2.7 (2.8 for Accropode II)

where:

HS = significant wave height

∆ = relative mass density

Dn50 = nominal diameter

These coefficients are valid for armour slopes from 3H/2V to 4H/3V and for seabed slopes up to 3%.

The uneven surface of the Ecopode improves interlocking by friction, thereby increasing hydraulic stability.

3D simulation of wave motion near an accropodes.[1]

Implementation
Diver inspecting blocks

Fork-lifting is effective for handling the small to medium size units, whereas large units are handled by sling. Placement for breakwaters generally requires a crane or a barge-mounted crane.

The units can be stored one on top of the other, and placed in a random attitude to obtain the specified packing density. The proper packing method provides an adequate coverage on breakwater slopes.

The use of a remote-release hook is used for placing the unit, while underwater placements may be enhanced by GPS, adhering to a theoretical grid.

  • Accropode blocks on offshore breakwater roundhead.
  • Storage of Accropode II blocks.
  • Accropode II on forklift.
  • Accropode on truck.
  • Placing Accropode blocks from land.
  • Accropode blocks on breakwater.
  • Placing with a crane
  • Monitoring
gollark: * partial mintpocalypse
gollark: ```You can see the baby Comrade curled up inside this translucent egg.```
gollark: I should go with a Comrade naming scheme for omens.
gollark: There seems to be.
gollark: A sample.

See also

References
  1. MEDUS. (2011) Marine Engineering Division of University of Salerno. Retrieved online 10 April 2011 from: http://www.diciv.unisa.it/docenti/dentale/medus_.php Archived 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine (MEDUS)
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.