Academy of Music (New York City)

The Academy of Music was a New York City opera house, located on the northeast corner of East 14th Street and Irving Place in Manhattan. The 4,000-seat hall opened on October 2, 1854. The review in The New York Times declared it to be an acoustical "triumph", but "In every other aspect ... a decided failure," complaining about the architecture, interior design and the closeness of the seating;[1] although a follow-up several days later relented a bit, saying that the theater "looked more cheerful, and in every way more effective" than it had on opening night.[2]

This article is about the 1854 opera house. For the 1927 movie theater, see Palladium (New York City).

Academy of Music, New York, c.1909
Hanukkah celebration by the Young Men's Hebrew Association at the Academy of Music, December 16, 1880

The Academy's opera season became the center of social life for New York's elite, with the oldest and most prominent families owning seats in the theater's boxes. The opera house was destroyed by fire in 1866[3] and subsequently rebuilt, but it was supplanted as the city's premier opera venue in 1883 by the new Metropolitan Opera House – created by the nouveaux riches who had been frozen out of the Academy – and ceased presenting opera in 1886, turning instead to vaudeville. It was demolished in 1926 to make way for the Consolidated Edison Building.

Opera house

The Academy of Music has been described as "the first successful dedicated opera house in the United States," [4] but it was not the first building in New York designed specifically for opera.[5] That honor goes to the Italian Opera House built in 1833 by Lorenzo Da Ponte as a home for his new New York Opera Company, which lasted only two seasons before the company was disbanded and the theatre sold.[6] Over a decade later, in 1847, the Isaiah Rogers-designed Astor Opera House opened on Astor Place,[7] only to close several years later after a riot provoked by competing performances of Macbeth by English actor William Charles Macready at the Opera House and American Edwin Forrest at the nearby Broadway Theatre. By May 1853, the interior had been dismantled and the furnishings sold off, with the shell of the building sold to the Mercantile Library Association.[8]

It was the demise of the Astor Opera House that spurred New York's elite to build a new opera house in what was then the more genteel neighborhood of Union Square,[9] led by Moses H. Grinnell, who formed a corporation in 1852 to fund the construction of the building, selling shares at $1,000 each to raise $200,000.[10] When finished, the building, which was designed by Alexander Saeltzer[11] – who was designing the Astor Library at about the same time, and had previously designed Anshe Chesed Synagogue[12][13][14] – was the world's largest opera venue at the time, with seats for four thousand arranged on five levels (orchestra, parquette, balcony and first, second and third tiers) and an interior height from floor to dome of 80 feet (24 m).[1] It had a plush interior, and private boxes in the orchestra, but, perhaps due to newspaper editorials questioning the project's republican values,[15] was consciously somewhat less "aristocratized" than the Astor Opera House had been – there, general admissions were relegated to the benches of a "cockloft" reachable only by a narrow stairway, and otherwise isolated from the gentry below, while in the new theatre many of the regular seats were relatively inexpensive.[16] The stage's proscenium opening was 48 feet (15 m) wide, with 35 feet (11 m) between side-wings, and a depth of 70 feet (21 m) from the footlights to the back wall. The height of the proscenium opening was 30 feet (9.1 m).[1]

Its first opera season was from October through December 1854. The Max Maretzek Italian Opera Company was engaged by US actor James Henry Hackett. The company performed Bellini's Norma for the inauguration of the theatre with Giulia Grisi in the title role and Giuseppe Mario as Pollione headlining the performance under Max Maretzek's baton.[17] The first season's repertoire was ambitious, and included Semiramide and The Barber of Seville by Rossini; Norma and La Sonnambula by Bellini; and Don Pasquale, Lucrezia Borgia, La Favorita and Lucia di Lammermoor by Donizetti.[18] Maretzek's company performed an annual season at the Academy through 1878.[19] His company was not the only group active at the opera house as the theater during this time. Musicologist George Whitney Martin writes:

New York's Academy of Music, from 1854 to 1883 the city's leading house for opera, did not offer a secure base to any opera company. And why? Because it was primarily a real estate venture run by a board of investors seeking the highest rent possible."[20]

Other opera companies active at the Academy, including Jaime Nunó's Havana Italian Opera Troupe and the Max Strakosch Italian Opera Company, the latter of which began performing at the Academy in 1860 only to merge with Maretzek's company in 1868.[21] The Academy hosted several American premieres, including Rigoletto (1855), Il trovatore (1855), La traviata (1856), Aida (1873), Lohengrin (1874), Die Walkure (1877) and Carmen (1878).[18][22]

The Academy's opera season became the center of social life for New York's wealthy gentry, but from its inception, the Academy of Music not only presented opera, but also served as a theater, and a meeting and exposition hall for a wide variety of functions, including political rallies, charity balls and science and industry fairs, among other events. In 1860 it was the site of a reception for the Prince of Wales.[11] After the Civil War, an organization called the Cercle Française de l'Harmonie began using the Academy as a venue for masked balls, also called "French balls", in which the nouveau riche men of New York society would rub elbows – and other body parts – with semi-dressed prostitutes and courtesans, with little regard for public decorum or modesty. These balls were covered by the press, which did little to dim the enthusiasm or ribald behavior of the participants. One reporter wrote that women were thrown in the air and then sexually assaulted "amid the jeers and laughter of the other drunken wretches on the floor ... [with] not a whisper of shame in the crowd".[23] These spectacles grew in size over the following decades: in 1876, one such ball was attended by over 4000 people.[23] Feminist editor Victoria Woodhull condemned the sexual hypocrisy of the French balls in 1873 in Woodhull and Clafliin's Weekly, complaining that the Academy of Music was being used "for the purpose of debauching debauched women; and the trustees of the Academy know this."[24]

Still, it was the opera season that made the Academy the mainstay of social life for New Yorks "uppertens", and the oldest and most prominent families owned seats in the theater's boxes. This emblem of social prominence was passed down from generation to generation. The inability of New York's wealthy industrial and mercantile families, including the Vanderbilts, Goulds and Morgans, to gain access to this closed society inspired the creation of the new Metropolitan Opera Association in 1880. The trustees of the Academy belatedly attempted to head off the competition by offering to add 26 new boxes to the 18 the Academy already had, to accommodate the Vanderbilts, Morgans, Rockefellers who were behind the planned new venue, but it was too late to fend them off.[25] The Metropolitan's new opera house at Broadway and 39th Street, twice the size of the Academy, opened in 1883. It contained three tiers of elegant boxes to display the wealth of the city's new economic leaders. The new opera house was an instant success with New York society and music lovers alike, and the Academy of Music's opera season was canceled in 1886.[26]

In 1888 the Academy began to offer vaudeville. The Drury Lane import The White Heather had a successful 148-performance run for the 1897-98 season. Between 1895 and 1899, Rev. Thomas Dixon, Jr., delivered sermons there. From January 28 to March 1901, a revival of Clyde Fitch's play Barbara Frietchie appeared there.

The venue was rented by labor organizations in the early 1900s and used to stage rallies. In 1926 it was demolished, along with its neighbor Tammany Hall, for the construction of the Consolidated Edison Company Building.

Movie theater
Main article: Palladium (New York City)

On the south side of 14th Street across from the site of the opera house, a movie theatre opened in 1927 which took the name the Academy of Music. It was built as a 3,000-seat deluxe movie palace by movie mogul William Fox, and was designed by Thomas W. Lamb. It served as a venue for rock concerts in the 1960s and early 1970s, with its name being changed to "The Palladium" by promoter Ron Delsner in September 1976.[27] In 1985, it was converted into the Palladium nightclub, designed by Arata Isozaki.[28][29] The theater was bought and demolished by New York University, and replaced by the present Palladium Residence Hall, which opened in 2001.[28]

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gollark: Hmm, so there *is* a `readAll` after all? Fascinating. I guess I have mostly unused backward compatibility?
gollark: I'm not entirely sure, apart from websockets and `readAll` on `rb` mode files.
gollark: No, I mean figure out which features it uses.
gollark: I should really figure out which one of these days.

References

Notes

  1. "Opening of the Academy of Music" (PDF). The New York Times. October 3, 1854.
  2. "Amusements" (PDF). The New York Times. October 5, 1854.
  3. "THE GREAT FIRE.; Details of the Disaster". The New York Times. 1866-05-23. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-10-09.
  4. Bank, Rosemarie K. (September 2000). "review of Democracy at the Opera House: Music, Theater, and Culture in New York City (1815–60) by Karen Ahlquist". Journal of American History. 87 (2): 664. doi:10.2307/2568817. 00218723.
  5. It was not the first dedicated opera house built in the United States either, which was the Théâtre d'Orléans, built in New Orleans in 1819 as the city's first house designed for opera. See Belsom, Jack (2007). A History of Opera in New Orleans
  6. Burrows & Wallace p.585
  7. Burrows & Wallace p.724
  8. "Exclusiveness" (PDF). The New York Times. May 27, 1853.
  9. Burrows & Wallace, pp.761–765
  10. "The New Opera-House" (PDF). The New York Times. June 9, 1852.
  11. Mendelsohn p.54
  12. Israelowitz, Oscar. Oscar Israelowitz's Guide to Jewish New York City New York: Israelowitz Pub., 2004.
  13. New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. "Anshe Chesed Synagogue Designation Report" (February 10, 1987)
  14. New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. "NYCLPC NoHo Historic District Designation Report" Archived 2015-02-19 at the Wayback Machine (June 29, 1999)
  15. "The New Opera-House" (PDF). The New York Times. June 12, 1852. Note: This is not the same article as the June 9 one with the same name.
  16. Burrows & Wallace, p.765
  17. Oscar Thompson and Nicolas Slonimsky (1956). The International Cyclopedia of Music and Musicians. Dodd, Mead and Company. p. 6.
  18. Burrows & Wallace, p.961
  19. Harold C. Schonberg (November 23, 1969). "Even the Prima Donna Blushed'" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 222.
  20. George Whitney Martin (2011). Verdi in America: Oberto Through Rigoletto. University Rochester Press. pp. 202–206, 233.
  21. George Henry Hubert Lascelles Earl of Harewood (1956). Opera in 19th Century America. Opera. 7. p. 343.
  22. George Whitney Martin (2011). Verdi in America: Oberto Through Rigoletto. University Rochester Press. p. 81.
  23. Burrows & Wallace, p.965
  24. Burrow & Wallace, p.1015
  25. Burrows & Wallace, p.1074
  26. Hamilton, David, ed. The Metropolitan Opera Encyclopedia. Simon and Schuster, New York. 1987. pp. 249–250.
  27. Rockwell, John "Refurbished 14th St. Palladium Opens With Program by the Band" The New York Times (September 20, 1976)
  28. White & Willensky
  29. Goldberger, Paul (May 20, 1985). "An Appraisal: The Palladium: An Architecturally Dramatic New Discotheque". The New York Times.

Bibliography

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