Abortion in Georgia (U.S. state)

Abortion in Georgia is legal. 48% of adults said in a poll by the Pew Research Center that abortion should be legal in all or most cases; just over 50% of white women in the state believed that abortion be illegal in all or most cases. By 1900, a therapeutic exception existed in the state's legislative ban on abortions. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, reforms were made by the legislature to its abortions laws. The state passed a law in the 2000s banning abortions before 22 weeks. By 2007, mandatory ultrasound requirements were on the books. Attempts to ban abortion in almost all cases took place in 2011 and 2012, finally passing in 2019.

The number of abortion clinics has been on the decline in recent years, going from 82 in 1982 to 55 in 1992 to 17 in 2014. Because of restrictions, cost issues and lack of clinics in other states, thousands of women came from out of state to have abortions in Georgia in the 2010s. There were 30,013 legal abortions in 2014, and 31,009 in 2015. There is an abortion rights movement in the state; following the state's 2019, they saw a surge in donations.  Women from the state participated in marches supporting abortion rights as part of a #StoptheBans movement in May 2019.

Terminology
Main article: Abortion
See also: Definitions of abortion

The abortion debate most commonly relates to the "induced abortion" of an embryo or fetus at some point in a pregnancy, which is also how the term is used in a legal sense.[note 1] Some also use the term "elective abortion", which is used in relation to a claim to an unrestricted right of a woman to an abortion, whether or not she chooses to have one. The term elective abortion or voluntary abortion describes the interruption of pregnancy before viability at the request of the woman, but not for medical reasons.[1]

Anti-abortion advocates tend to use terms such as "unborn baby", "unborn child", or "pre-born child",[2][3] and see the medical terms "embryo", "zygote", and "fetus" as dehumanizing.[4][5] Both "pro-choice" and "pro-life" are examples of terms labeled as political framing: they are terms which purposely try to define their philosophies in the best possible light, while by definition attempting to describe their opposition in the worst possible light. "Pro-choice" implies that the alternative viewpoint is "anti-choice", while "pro-life" implies the alternative viewpoint is "pro-death" or "anti-life".[6] The Associated Press encourages journalists to use the terms "abortion rights" and "anti-abortion".[7]

History

Thousands of women came from out of state in 2015 to get abortions in North Carolina and Georgia. 14.5% of all abortions in Georgia that year were for out-of-state residents, while 7.5% of all abortions performed in North Carolina were performed for out-of-state residents.  This contrasted to neighboring South Carolina, where only 5.9% of abortions performed in the state involved out-of-state residents.

Fetal heartbeat bills by state, including time limit without exceptions marked:
  Heartbeat bill passed (to go into effect)
  Law partially passed by state legislature
  Law blocked by court order

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Arkansas, Colorado, Georgia, Maryland, New Mexico, North Carolina and Oregon made reforms to their abortion laws, with most of these states providing more detailed medical guidance on when therapeutic abortions could be performed.[8] In 1962, the American Law Institute published their model penal code as it applied to abortions with three circumstances where they believed a physician could justifiably perform an abortion, "If ... there is substantial risk that the continuance of the pregnancy would gravely impair the physical or mental health of the mother or that the child would be born with grave physical or mental defect, or that the pregnancy resulted from rape, incest, or other felonious intercourse." In 1968, Georgia implemented a version of this could but created an exception where they did not allow abortion in the case of incest.[9]

Dates of when heartbeat laws come into effect (as of May 25, 2019)

The state passed a law in the 2000s banning abortions at 22 weeks because they alleged that fetus can feel pain.[10] The state was one of 23 states in 2007 to have a detailed abortion-specific informed consent requirement.[11] Georgia, Michigan, Arkansas and Idaho all required that women must be provided the option by an abortion clinic to view an image of their fetus if an ultrasound is used prior to the abortion taking place.[12] Informed consent materials about fetal pain at 20-weeks in Arkansas, Georgia and Oklahoma says, "the unborn child has the physical structures necessary to experience pain."  The Journal of the American Medical Association has concluded that pain sensors do not develop in the fetus until between weeks 23 and 30.[12] Georgia and Wisconsin were two of the only 22 states with written informed consent materials referring women to  "crisis pregnancy centers" which acknowledged these centers did not support or provide women with abortion related services.[12]

In 2011, the state was one of six where the legislature introduced a bill that would have banned abortion in almost all cases. It did not pass.[13] This was repeated in 2012, where the state was one of three to unsuccessfully try to ban abortion.[13]

The law as of March 2019 required women wait 24 hours after their initial appointment for an abortion before they could have a second appointment for the actual procedure. This could be waived in case of medical emergency, allowing a woman to receive mandatory counselling over the phone or via a website.[14] State law at the time prohibited health insurance companies on public exchanges from offering abortion services unless the life of the woman was at risk.[14]

Georgia had a six-week abortion ban slated to go into effect in 2019, which will make it illegal to obtain an abortion in the state once the fetus's heartbeat can be detected. The law makes no exception for cases of rape or incest and mandates a penalty in prison for doctors who perform the procedure, noted specifically that this is not referring to the women who get this procedure done.[15]

Rep. Ed Setzler introduced HB 481 in the Georgia House of Representatives on February 25, 2019.[16] During his campaign for Governor, Brian Kemp, now the Governor of Georgia, "vow[ed] to sign the toughest abortion laws in the country" and when asked about litigation said, "bring it! I'll fight for life at the Capitol and in the courtroom."[17] After being passed in the House on March 7, 2019, HB 481 was passed out of a Senate committee on March 18, 2019.[18][19] It was subsequently passed by the entire state Senate, after which it was narrowly passed by the House 92–78.[20] The bill was signed by Governor Kemp on May 7, 2019, bringing into effect one of the strictest abortion laws in the country at the time.[21] The bill would prohibit abortions after a heartbeat can be detected in a conceptus, which is usually when a woman is six weeks pregnant.[22] It was one of several states passing heartbeat bills in April and May, 2019 alongside Missouri, Louisiana and Alabama.[23]

Judicial history

The US Supreme Court's decision in 1973's Roe v. Wade ruling meant the state could no longer regulate abortion in the first trimester.[8][24] In 1973, the US Supreme Court rules in a case named Doe v. Bolton.  The 7 - 2 ruling invalidated the law in Georgia that said women needed to seek and attain permission from three physicians before she could have an abortion performed on her. The Court said Georgia's law put too many restrictions on women seeking to get an abortion, making it unconstitutional.[24][25]

Number of abortion clinics in Georgia by year

After HB 481 was passed in May 2019, the American Civil Liberties Union, Planned Parenthood and the Center for Reproductive Rights sued the state and sought an injunction against enforcement of the ban before it would go into effect in January 2020. The case was heard in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia under Judge Steve C. Jones. Jones ruled in favor of the injunction to block enforcement in his decision in October 2019, stating "By banning pre-viability abortions, H.B. 481 violates the constitutional right to privacy, which, in turn, inflicts per se irreparable harm on Plaintiffs."[26]

Statistics

In the period between 1972 and 1974, the state had an illegal abortion mortality rate per million women aged 15 – 44 of between 0.1 and 0.9.[27] In 1990, 796,000 women in the state faced the risk of an unintended pregnancy.[28] In 2010, the state had eight publicly funded abortions, of which were eight federally and zero were state funded.[29] In 2013, among white women aged 15–19, there were  abortions 90, 2,270 abortions for black women aged 15–19, 910 abortions for Hispanic women aged 15–19, and 120 abortions for women of all other races.[30] In 2014, 48% of adults said in a poll by the Pew Research Center that abortion should be legal in all or most cases.[31] According to a 2014  Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI) study, just over 50% of white women in the state believed that abortion be illegal in all or most cases.[32]

According to a 2020 study, the 22-week law reduced the number of abortions after 21 weeks.[33]

Number of reported abortions, abortion rate and percentage change in rate by geographic region and state in 1992, 1995 and 1996[34]
Census division and stateNumberRate% change 1992–1996
199219951996199219951996
South Atlantic269,200261,990263,60025.924.624.7–5
Delaware5,7305,7904,09035.234.424.1–32
District of Columbia21,32021,09020,790138.4151.7154.512
Florida84,68087,50094,0503030327
Georgia39,68036,94037,3202421.221.1–12
Maryland31,26030,52031,31026.425.626.30
North Carolina36,18034,60033,55022.42120.2–10
South Carolina12,19011,0209,94014.212.911.6–19
Virginia35,02031,48029,94022.72018.9–16
West Virginia3,1403,0502,6107.77.66.6–14
Number, rate, and ratio of reported abortions, by reporting area of residence and occurrence and by percentage of abortions obtained by out-of-state residents, US CDC estimates
LocationResidenceOccurrence% obtained by

out-of-state residents

 YearRef
No.Rate^Ratio^^No.Rate^Ratio^^
Georgia 39,680 24 1992 [34]
Georgia 36,940 21.2 1995 [34]
Georgia 37,320 21.1 1996 [34]
Georgia26,56312.620330,01314.322912.32014[35]
Georgia26,83512.720431,00914.623614.52015[36]
Georgia 29,631 13.9 228 33,811 15.9 260 13.4 2016 [37]
^number of abortions per 1,000 women aged 15-44; ^^number of abortions per 1,000 live births

Footnotes
  1. According to the Supreme Court's decision in Roe v. Wade:
    (a) For the stage prior to approximately the end of the first trimester, the abortion decision and its effectuation must be left to the medical judgement of the pregnant woman's attending physician. (b) For the stage subsequent to approximately the end of the first trimester, the State, in promoting its interest in the health of the mother, may, if it chooses, regulate the abortion procedure in ways that are reasonably related to maternal health. (c) For the stage subsequent to viability, the State in promoting its interest in the potentiality of human life may, if it chooses, regulate, and even proscribe, abortion except where it is necessary, in appropriate medical judgement, for the preservation of the life or health of the mother.
    Likewise, Black's Law Dictionary defines abortion as "knowing destruction" or "intentional expulsion or removal".
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References
  1. Watson, Katie (20 Dec 2019). "Why We Should Stop Using the Term "Elective Abortion"". AMA Journal of Ethics. 20: E1175-1180. doi:10.1001/amajethics.2018.1175. PMID 30585581. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
  2. Chamberlain, Pam; Hardisty, Jean (2007). "The Importance of the Political 'Framing' of Abortion". The Public Eye Magazine. 14 (1).
  3. "The Roberts Court Takes on Abortion". New York Times. November 5, 2006. Retrieved January 18, 2008.
  4. Brennan 'Dehumanizing the vulnerable' 2000
  5. Getek, Kathryn; Cunningham, Mark (February 1996). "A Sheep in Wolf's Clothing – Language and the Abortion Debate". Princeton Progressive Review.
  6. "Example of "anti-life" terminology" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
  7. Goldstein, Norm, ed. The Associated Press Stylebook. Philadelphia: Basic Books, 2007.
  8. Buell, Samuel (1991-01-01). "Criminal Abortion Revisited". New York University Law Review. 66: 1774–1831.
  9. Tyler, C. W. (1983). "The public health implications of abortion". Annual Review of Public Health. 4: 223–258. doi:10.1146/annurev.pu.04.050183.001255. ISSN 0163-7525. PMID 6860439.
  10. Times, The New York. "Abortion Restrictions in States". archive.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2019-05-25.
  11. "STATE POLICY ON INFORMED CONSENT FOR ABORTION" (PDF). Guttmacher Policy Review. Fall 2007. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
  12. "State Abortion Counseling Policies and the Fundamental Principles of Informed Consent". Guttmacher Institute. 2007-11-12. Retrieved 2019-05-22.
  13. Lai, K. K. Rebecca (2019-05-15). "Abortion Bans: 8 States Have Passed Bills to Limit the Procedure This Year". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  14. Emanuella Grinberg. "The reality for women seeking abortions in Alabama and Georgia". CNN. Retrieved 2019-06-08.
  15. Smith, Kate (May 13, 2019). "A pregnant 11-year-old rape victim in Ohio would no longer be allowed to have an abortion under new state law". CBS News. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
  16. Prabhu, Maya (February 26, 2019). "Georgia Republican files 'heartbeat' bill that would effectively ban abortion". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved February 27, 2019. State Rep. Ed Setzler on Monday introduced House Bill 481, which would outlaw abortions once a doctor can detect a heartbeat in the womb.
  17. Jimison, Robert (February 27, 2019). "Republican Lawmakers In Georgia Aim For Most Restrictive Abortion Law in The Country". Georgia Public Radio - GPB News. NPR. Retrieved February 27, 2019. Before becoming governor, Brian Kemp campaigned on the promise to sign “the toughest abortion laws in the country.” . . . I back Mississippi's ban on abortions after fifteen weeks and vow to sign the toughest abortion laws in the country as your next governor. If abortion rights activists want to sue me...bring it! I'll fight for life at the Capitol and in the courtroom.
  18. "2019–2020 Regular Session - HB 481". legis.ga.gov. Georgia General Assembly. Retrieved March 8, 2019.
  19. Fink, Jenni (March 18, 2019). "GEORGIA SENATOR: ANTI-ABORTION BILL 'NATIONAL STUNT' IN RACE TO BE CONSERVATIVE STATE TO GET ROE V. WADE OVERTURNED". Newsweek. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
  20. Prabhu, Maya (March 29, 2019). "Georgia's anti-abortion 'heartbeat bill' heads to governor's desk". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
  21. Mazzei, Patricia; Blinder, Alan (May 7, 2019). "Georgia Governor Signs 'Fetal Heartbeat' Abortion Law". New York Times. Retrieved May 11, 2019.
  22. "Could miscarriages land women in jail? Let's clarify these Georgia and Alabama abortion bills". The Washington Post. 2019.
  23. Lartey, Jamiles (2019-05-22). "Louisiana senate passes anti-abortion bill in latest attack on women's rights". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-05-22.
  24. Tribune, Chicago. "Timeline of abortion laws and events". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2019-05-23.
  25. "Timeline of Important Reproductive Freedom Cases Decided by the Supreme Court". American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved 2019-05-25.
  26. Kelly, Caroline (October 1, 2019). "Federal judge blocks Georgia's controversial abortion ban". CNN. Retrieved October 1, 2019.
  27. Cates, Willard; Rochat, Roger (March 1976). "Illegal Abortions in the United States: 1972–1974". Family Planning Perspectives. 8 (2): 86. doi:10.2307/2133995. JSTOR 2133995. PMID 1269687.
  28. Arndorfer, Elizabeth; Michael, Jodi; Moskowitz, Laura; Grant, Juli A.; Siebel, Liza (December 1998). A State-By-State Review of Abortion and Reproductive Rights. DIANE Publishing. ISBN 9780788174810.
  29. "Guttmacher Data Center". data.guttmacher.org. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  30. "No. of abortions among women aged 15–19, by state of residence, 2013 by racial group". Guttmacher Data Center. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
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  32. Brownstein, Ronald (2019-05-23). "White Women Are Helping States Pass Abortion Restrictions". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2019-05-26.
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  34. "Abortion Incidence and Services in the United States, 1995-1996". Guttmacher Institute. 2005-06-15. Retrieved 2019-06-02.
  35. Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2017). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2014". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 66 (24): 1–48. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6624a1. ISSN 1546-0738. PMID 29166366.
  36. Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2018). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2015". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 67 (13): 1–45. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6713a1. ISSN 1546-0738. PMC 6289084. PMID 30462632.
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