Abner Doble

Abner Doble (March 26, 1890 – July 17, 1961) was an American mechanical engineer who built and sold steam-powered automobiles as Doble Steam Cars.[1] His steam engine design was used in various automobiles from the early 1900s, including a 1969 General Motors prototype and the first successful steam-powered aeroplane.[2][3][4]

Family history

Doble was born on 26 March 1890 in San Francisco, one of four brothers. His father was William Ashton Doble, son of the inventor of the Doble water wheel. Doble's forebears had migrated from England to the US in the mid-1700s. William's father Abner was born in Indiana. He had been a sailor, a smith, and a lumberman, who became a journeyman blacksmith and subsequently became partner in Nelson and Doble. The company became one of the biggest manufacturers of miner's and blacksmith's tools on the US Pacific coast during the California Gold Rush. The company became famous manufacturing Abner Doble's water wheel turbines for mining applications. The company expanded to make drays and street cars for San Francisco, as well as being involved in operating a local railroad company. In about 1892, Doble's grandfather formed the Abner Doble Company, assigning his interests to his sons Robert and William (Abner's father) and the company merged with arch-competitor and William stayed on.

Early years

Doble apprenticed at his family's factory at the age of eight. Between 1906 and 1909, while attending high school, Ab and brothers John, Warren, and Bill built their first steam car in their parents' basement. It was composed of parts taken from a wrecked White steamer but reconfigured to be driven by an engine of their own design. Though it did not run well, the Doble brothers went on to build a second and third prototype in the following years.

In 1909 Abner graduated from high school and attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He dropped out after less than a year of studies, and with his brother, began to design his own steam car. By 1912 they had built their first car in Waltham, Massachusetts. The car was based on an American Underslung chassis, their own engine and a Stanley Steamer boiler.

Waltham was near to the Stanley works and its factory at Watertown nearby. Abner attempted to interest the Stanley twins in his condensing boiler. However, Francis would not hire Doble because he didn't trust him. Although recognized as a steam genius, Abner was considered by some as arrogant and conceited and often told people he was a genius and therefore privileged to act so.[5]

Abner Doble Motor Vehicle Company, General Engineering, and Doble Steam Motors
1924 Doble Model E at the Henry Ford Museum

Abner and his brother John formed their own company, the Abner Doble Motor Vehicle Company, in 1914. Their father provided financial support for the venture. The first car was the Model A. Up to five cars were thought to be made. Four were sold and one was kept for development. The cars were of good quality and appeared to have a good market.

In 1915, Doble drove his Model B, a revamped version of the Model A from Massachusetts to Detroit to seek investors. He managed to obtain $200,000, which he used to open the General Engineering Company with C L Lewis. In January 1917, Doble's new car, the Doble-Detroit, caused a sensation at the National Automobile Show in New York. Over 5,000 deposits were received for the car, with deliveries scheduled to begin in early 1918. The Dobles had not entirely worked out various design and manufacturing issues, and although the car received good notices and over 10,000 orders, about 11 were built. Doble blamed his company's production failure on the steel shortages caused by World War I, but the Doble Detroit was mechanically unsatisfactory.

Doble also announced at the New York show that he was working on a steam engine for aeroplanes.[6]

The Doble brothers were divided by Doble's insistence on taking credit for the company's technical achievements, and John Doble ended up suing Doble for patent infringement, whereupon Doble left Detroit for California and the General Engineering Company folded. When John Doble died of lymphatic cancer in 1921 the surviving brothers reunited in Emeryville, California. They set up a company under the name of Doble Steam Motors.

In 1924 the State of California learned that Doble had helped to sell stock illegally in a desperate bid to raise money for the company, and though Doble was eventually acquitted, the company failed during the ensuing legal struggle. Fewer than thirty of the Model E steam cars were produced before the company went out of business in April 1931, the F cars coming under Besler ownership. The total being reported variously as 24, 42, and 43. Doble himself owned E-24 from 1925 to 1936 as his own experimental car. He took it with him when on consulting work in New Zealand and England. He sold it in England to Mortimer Harman Lewis (editor of The Engineering and Boiler House Review) of Hyde Park, London, just before he departed for the US.[5]

Consultancy and later life
Paxton Phoenix

With the demise of their company Abner and Warren went on to work as consultants for other engineering companies globally. During the 1920s and 1930s engines were developed for steam buses. The first were tested in 1926 by International Harvester, using a Doble Model G engine, and the Detroit Motorbus Co, in a double decker, with a Doble Model H engine. A second Detroit bus had a Doble steam engine added in 1927 and at least one of them covered some 32,000 miles (51,000 km). In 1929 a Doble Model H was installed in a Yellow Coach for General Motors.[7] This was followed by another Model F in a Fageol bus.[8]

He went to New Zealand in March 1930 where he worked under a 3 year contract for A. & G. Price Limited at Thames on the development of a steam engine for buses. One was installed on an AEC chassis for the Auckland Transport Board to trial.[9][10] The intention was that should the trial be successful more would be constructed. By 1932 the first had covered more than 20,000 miles (32,000 km) and a second was ordered by a private company, White and Sons, for their Auckland to Thames Service.[11]

In January 1932 Doble left New Zealand and went via San Francisco to England. There he was loaned by Prices as a consultant to the Sentinel Waggon Works of Shrewsbury, working on steam lorries and locomotives. Several shunting locomotives (switchers) and an undetermined number of railcars were fitted with Doble/Sentinel machinery for sale to customers in Britain, France, Peru, and Paraguay. In Germany, during the 1930s Henschel & Sohn buses and trucks, powered by Doble designed steam engines, were operated. Abner Doble left England in 1936. Also during this time he acted as a consultant to Borsig Lokomotiv-Werke of Berlin.

Doble was hired as the chief engineer for a new bus powerplant for a revived Stanley Motor Carriage Company in Chicago. In the middle of the project after the powerplant was actually built, Doble left to some annoyance. Doble then did engine designs for Cleaver-Brooks, Nordberg (1946-1948), and Greyhound. After this he retired to Santa Rosa, California, where he sold Electrolux vacuum cleaners to pay his living expenses.

Doble's consultancy also included in the development of the Paxton Phoenix car, for the Paxton Engineering Division of McCulloch Motors Corporation, Los Angeles. The project was for a low-weight car built around a unique "torque box" chassis similar to an aeronautical wing section. The project was eventually dropped in 1954. He did work on a design for a steam car for Alex Moulton of England, but it was never built. He was a consultant on the Keen steam car in 1957 and a monotube boiler for Charles W Tadlock of St Louis in 1957.

For the remainder of his life, he maintained that steam-powered automobiles were at least equal to gasoline cars, if not superior. He died on 17 July 1961 of a heart attack, in Santa Rosa, California.

He was inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in 1972.[12]

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See also

References
  1. Fox, Stephen (1998). "The Strange Triumph of Abner Doble". Invention & Technology Magazine. 14 (1).
  2. "GM Takes Its Wraps Off Its Steam Cars." Popular Science, July 1969, p. 84-85.
  3. World’s First Steam-Driven Airplane, H J Fitzgerald, Popular Science Monthly, July 1933, Vol 123, No. 1
  4. George & William Besler (April 29, 2011). The Besler Steam Plane (YouTube). Bomberguy.
  5. "1925 Doble E-24 Steam Car Coupe & The Abner Doble Story". svvs.org. Surrey Vintage Vehicle Society. 2006. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
  6. "Flying by steam". Ohinemuri Gazette. New Zealand. XXVIII (3794): 3. 16 July 1917.
  7. Renner, Roy (4 May 1970). "Steam Power for Urban Transit Buses". International Research and Technology Corporation paper; presented to the American Transit Association. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. "Automobiles and Power Plants Manufactured". Call Number BANC MSS 77/183 c. Abner Doble Papers, UC Berkeley Bancroft Library.
  9. "Shipping News". Evening Post. CIX (58). 10 March 1930. p. 12.
  10. "First Steam Bus - News of the day". Evening Post. CXI (42). 19 February 1931. p. 10.
  11. "Thames News". Auckland Star. LXIII (162). 11 July 1932. p. 5.
  12. http://www.automotivehalloffame.org/honoree/abner-doble/ retrieved 30 May 2018
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